Inflammation Flashcards
Describe inflammation.
defense reaction of tissue against damage = remove cause of injury & repair tissue
*innate & adaptive
Describe acute VS chronic inflammation.
acute:
-early stage of infection & prepares for tissue repair
chronic:
-macrophages in injured tissue
Describe the exogenic VS endogenic causes of inflammation.
exogenic:
-physical = mechanical & thermal
-chemical
-biological = bacteria, virus, parasite, fungi
endogenic:
-circulation disorder
-metabolic products
Describe the signs of acute inflammation.
-calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, functio laesa
Describe how the signs of inflammation develop.
-after injury = vasodilation (increase blood flow & rising temp)
-lg volume of blood = hyperaemia (redness) at site
-vascular permeability increase = leak fluids = oedema
-few hrs = leukocytes to endothelium -> extravasation (passing of cells from blood into tissue)
-leukocytes phagocytose pathogens & release mediators
-mediators induce pain
List the mediators of inflammation (7).
- proinflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL1, IL6, IL8)
- complement components
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes
- vasoactive amines (histamine, serotonin)
- platelet activating factor (PAF)
- plasma proteases
Describe proinflammatory cytokines.
TNFa, IL1, IL6, IL8
-TNFa & IL1 = fever & stress hormone (NE, vasopressin, activate RAAS)
>induce synthesis of IL6, IL8, & IFNy
-IL6 = release of acute phase proteins ex. c-reactive protein (CRP)
-proinflammatory cytokines activate = cog cascade, release NO, platelet activating factor, prostagladins, & leukotrienes
-IL1, IL6, IL8 = promote chemotaxis, induce extravasation of granulocytes & degranulation of neutrophils
Describe complement components.
-C3a & C5a = increase vascular permeability
-stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, & monocytes
Describe prostaglandins.
-contribute to vasodilation, capillary permeability, pain, & fever
-lower BP
-stable prostaglandins (PGE1 & PGE2) = effects of histamine & other inflammatory mediators
-thromboxane A2 = promotes platelet aggregation & vasoconstriction
Describe leukotrienes.
-LTC4, LTD4, LTE4 = slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) -> induce sm m contraction
-LTB4 = chemoattractant of neutrophils
Describe vasoactive amines.
-histamine & serotonin
-found in platelets, basophils, mast cells
-dilation & increased permeability of capillaries
Describe platelet activating factor (PAF).
-from lipid complex in cell membrane
-induces platelet aggregation
-activates neutrophils & eosinophil chemoattractant
-efflux of plasma proteins -> edema
Describe plasma proteases.
-kinins = bradykinin -> increase capillary permeability & pain
-clotting factors = fibrin peptides
Describe the vascular stage/response of inflammation.
- Phase I = vasoconstriction
- Phase II = active vasodilation
-active hyperemia -> increased cell metabolism -> heat - Phase III = passive vasodilation
-increased vascular permeability -> swelling, pain, impaired function
Describe the cellular stage/response of inflammation sequence of events.
- Chemotaxis = leukocytes migrate
- Rolling = leukocytes express adhesion molecules
- Migration = to tissues
- Phagocytosis = neutrophils & macrophages