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Pathology 1 > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

Nonspecific, predictable response of living tissues or entire body to injury

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2
Q

Causes of inflammation

A
  1. Chemical agents
  2. Physical factors
  3. Microbes/pathogens
  4. Any stimuli that disturb homeostasis
  5. Immune causes: autoimmune disease
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3
Q

Acute vs chronic inflammation

A
  1. Acute: sudden onset, lasting hours to days

2. Chronic: lasting weeks to months to years

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4
Q

How does a fever occur and what are the effect of a fever?

A

Fever occurs by resetting of hypothalamic thermostat and may intensify effects of interferons, inhibit bacterial growth and speed up repair reactions

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5
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Calor (heat)
  2. Rubor (redness)
  3. Tumor (swelling)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (disturbed function)
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6
Q

Chemotaxis vs cytotoxicity

A
  1. Chemotaxis (move PMNs to area of inflammation)

2. Cytotoxicity (T cells toxic to bacteria/viruses)

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7
Q

Stages of disease progression

A
  1. Vasoconstriction-lasting only seconds
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Edema
  4. Pain
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8
Q

Histamine

A
  1. Quickly released by mast cells (type of WBC)and platelets
  2. Increased blood vessel permeability and diapedesis
  3. Vasodilatior and broncho constrictor
  4. Lasts less than 30 minutes (inactivated by histaminase)
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9
Q

Bradykinin

A
  1. Slow acting
  2. Induces pain (dolor)
  3. Vasodilator
  4. Facilitates movement of WBCs
  5. Opsonisation: facilitated phagocytosis of bacteria
  6. Chemotaxis: migration of leukocytes
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10
Q

Most important arachidonic acid derivatives

A
  1. Leukotrienes
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Thromboxane
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11
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Increase vascular permeability and promote Chemotaxis, typically found in anaphylactic shock and bronchospasm (bronchial asthma)

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12
Q

Prostaglandins

A

stimulate vasodilation, increase vascular permeability and cause smooth muscle contraction. Mediate pain and fever

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13
Q

Thromboxane

A

promotes platelet aggregation (thrombosis: clotting)

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14
Q

Transudate

A

caused by hydrostatic or osmotic pressure changes (mild injury)

thin, watery fluid; contains small amounts of proteins

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15
Q

Exudate

A

caused by inflammation (severe injury)

contains more protein and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

PMN cells eat microbes or cellular debris

17
Q

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) or leukocytes

A
  1. Most numerous WBCs in blood (60-70%)
  2. First cells to appear in acute inflammation
  3. Promote inflammation
  4. Recruit new leukocytes
  5. Cause symptoms of inflammation
18
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. 2-3% of circulating WBCs
  2. Appear 2-3 days after PMNs
  3. Longer lifespan than PMNs, present in chronic inflammation
  4. Prominent in allergic reactions (i.e. hay fever, asthma)
  5. Respond to parasitic infection
19
Q

Basophils

A
  1. Less than 1% of circulating WBCs
  2. Most prominent in allergic reactions
  3. Precursors to mast cells (histamine)
20
Q

Macrophages

A
  1. Appear 3-4 days after onset of infection/injury
  2. Long lifespan, present in chronic inflammation
  3. Important for phagocytosis
21
Q

Main phagocytic cells

A

macrophages and PMNs

22
Q

Platelets

A
  1. No nucleus

2. Cytoplasm contains granules

Pathology 1 (2 decks)

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