Inflammation

Question 1

Causes of inflammation

Answer 1

1. Infection
2. Tissue necrosis
3. Foreign body
4. Immune response

Question 2

Local signs and symptoms of inflammation

Answer 2

1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Heat
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 3

Systemic signs of inflammation

Answer 3

Fever

Question 4

Difference between acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 4

1. Acute is over short period of time, Chronic is over long period of time
2. Acute is associated with neutrophils, chronic is associated with macrophages
3. Acute causes mild tissue damage, chronic causes extensive tissue damage
4. Acute has prevalent localised signs of inflammation while Chronic has subtle localised signs of inflammation

Question 5

Difference between exudate and transudate

Answer 5

Exudate is due to increase in capillary permeability

Transudate is due to increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Cells that produce histamine and what does it result in

Answer 6

Mast cells produce histamine

Histamine results in vasodilation

Question 7

Prostaglandin is released by what cell and what is its function

Answer 7

Prostaglandin is released by Mast cells and Leukocytes

Causes fever, pain and vasodilation

Question 8

Cytokines are mainly produced by what cells

What is the function of cytokines

Answer 8

Cytokines are mainly produced by macrophages

Cytokines tends to have systemic effects such as causing fever

Question 9

What is the chemokines that stimulate pain during inflammation

Answer 9

Bradykinin, Leukotriene, Prostaglandin

Question 10

Cells that have clock face chromatin distribution

Answer 10

Plasma cells

Question 11

Special types of acute inflammations

Answer 11

1. Serous inflammation
2. Fibrous inflammation
3. Suppurative inflammation
4. Ulcer

Question 12

Chronic inflammation

Answer 12

Is when inflammation has persisted over a long period of time in which inflammation, tissue healing and tissue damage all co-exist together

Question 13

Special type of chronic inflammation

Answer 13

Granulomatous inflammation
Made of epitheloid histiocytes which merge together to form multi nucleated giant cells which are surrounded by t lymphocytes and are commonly associated with central necrosis

Question 14

Causes of Granulamatous inflammation

Answer 14

1. Tuberculosis
2. Leprosy
3. Cat scratch disease
4. Sarcoidosis
5. Crohn’s disease
6. Syphilis
7. Foreign body

Question 15

Granulomatous inflammation is associated with what type of necrosis

Answer 15

1. Caseous necrosis
2. Fat necrosis
3. Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 16

Differentiate how lobar pneumonia spreads vs how a broncho pneumonia spreads

Answer 16

Broncho pneumonia spreads via airway

Lobar pneumonia spreads via alveoli and is limited by the lobes of the lungs

Question 17

Presentation of acute inflammation of the lungs

Answer 17

Shortness of breath
Coughing
Purulent material present in sputum
Chest pain

Question 18

Difference between bronchopneumonia and miliary TB

Answer 18

Bronchopneumonia is an acute inflammation closely associated with neutrophils, centred around airways while Miliary TB is chronic inflammation closely associated with multi nucleated giant cells and spreads via bloodstream

Question 19

Signs and symptoms of Meningitis

Answer 19

Neck stiffness
Photophobia
Raised intracranial pressure
Fever

Question 20

Causes of lung abcesses

Answer 20

1. Septic emboli
2. Direct inoculation
3. Respiration of infective material
4. Occlusion of airway
5. Complication of pneumonia

Question 21

Causes of brain abcess

Answer 21

Bacterial infection Via

1. Blood stream
2. Infection of danger area of face
3. Infection spread from the sinus/ear