Infertility in the Bitch & Queen Flashcards
What are some reasons why breeding attempts fail?
Female, male, environment or management
What is the major pathogen causing pyometra?
E. Coli
What causes pyometra?
Progesterone causes development & secretion of endometrial glands, suppressed endometrium motility, cervix closure and decreased immune function in uterus.
These all predispose to pyometra.
This is in dioestrous
What are the common presenting complaints for a pyometra patient?
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra, endometritis and infertility.
Get depression, PU/PD, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, fever.
Entact bitch showing non-specific signs of illness.
How do you diagnose pyometra?
Vaginoscopy and vaginal cytology. ultrasound, radiography.
What will you see with clinical pathology of pyometra?
Severe leukocytosis with left shift neutrophilia.
Hyperglobulinaemia.
Hypoalbuminaemia.
Increased ALP, cholestrol & bilirubin, glucose, potassium, creatinine & urea.
Low concentration of urine, proteinuria, glucosuria, renal casts.
What is your preferred treatment method for pyometra?
Ovariohysterectomy.
Can use Lutalyse to cause luteolysis & increase uterus motility combined with antibiotics (Penicillin) - only do this is very valuable breeding bitch.
Why is transmissible venereal tumour so highly contagious?
Neoplastic cells get transferred during coitus, sniffing and licking.
More prevalent in free roaming intact dogs in warm humid climate.
Describe the diagnosis and treatment of TVT.
Diagnose with impressoin smear, biopsy or vincristine response.
Treatment with chemotherapy (vinristine) weakly, surgery, local irridiation and desex asap.
Dog presents with vulvar discharge, pollakiruia and high male dog interest. What is your main DDx?
Vaginitis
What’s the difference between juvenile puppy vaginitis and adult onset vaginitis?
Juvenile puppy vaginitis - 1yo, primary (brucella), secondary (urine pooling, foreign body, neoplasia, UTI)
What is the risk of using oestrogen to treat vaginitis?
Too much oestrogen is toxic (bone marrow suppression)
What are common causes of vaginitis?
E. coli, Strep, Staph, Pasteurella
List some congenital causes of non-infectious female infertility.
Segmental aplasia
Vulvar hypoplasia
Vaginal hyperplasia & prolapse
Vestibulovaginal structures
What are the three grades of vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse?
Grade 1- Swelling caudal vagina & vestibule
Grade 2- Large mass protruding from vulva
Grade 3- Whole vaginal circumference protrudes
Associated with pro-oestrous increase in oestrogen
How would you treat a vaginal prolapse and hyperplasia?
Elizabethian collar
Purse string suture
Ovariohysterectomy
How would you differentiate vaginal hyperplasia and vaginal neoplasia?
Hyperplasia - young, from vaginal floor cranial to opening, varies with oestrous cycle
Neoplasia - old, arises anywhere in vagina, does not vary oestrous cycle
What are the clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of vestibulovaginal stricture?
Clinical signs: inability to breed, vaginitis, UTI, dystocia
Diagnosis: Vaginoscopy, Vaginography, Intersex test, vaginal exam
Treatment: Ovariohysterectomy, Manual dilation, small vaginal septae, Surgical reconstruction.
Dog presents with nymphomania and on examination you find her in anoestrous. What do you suspect?
Cystic ovarian degeneration.
Diagnose via ultrasound or ex. lap.
Treat with drainage or ovariectomy or ovariohysterectomy.
List some causes of vulva discharge.
Puppy vaginitis Normal oestrous cycle Urinary incontinence Coagulopathy Foetal loss Metritis Ovarian remnant treatment Uterine stump infection Whelping
List some causes of an abnormal oestrous cycle.
Delayed puberty.
Prolonged anoestrous.
Prolonged oestrous.
Split oestrous.
How do you deal with pseudopregnancy?
Just leave, it will subside in 1-3 weeks. Can prevent teat licking with an elizabethian collar (avoid lactation).
Happens to every bitch in non-pregnant dioestrous phase.
What is ovarian remnant syndrome?
Residual ovarian tissue left after spay.
Get signs of oestrous basically after ovariohysterectomy.
What do you do when you spay a bitch and the owner insists that she’s on heat again?
Confirm it’s really oestrous.
Vaginal cytology, ultrasound, ex lap, serum progesterone levels.
What do you do with anovulatory cycle?
Do nothing - the dog will ovulate next year or you can induce ovulation with GnRH or hCG.
What are the three types of ovarian neoplasia?
Epithelial tumours (from surface epithelium) eg. adenoma
Sex cord stromal tumours eg. granulosa thecal cell tumour
Germ cell tumour eg. dysgerminomas, teratomas
What are some types of uterine neoplasia?
Leiomyoma, Fibroma, Leiomyosarcoma
Describe mammary neoplasia in dogs and cats.
Dog - most common, 50/50 likelihood being benign
Cat - more likely to be malignant
Risk is reduced if spayed before first oestrous.
What is mammary hypertrophy in the cat?
Benign fibroglandular enlargement of mammary gland.
Associated with progesterone exposure.
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Why would you do a vaginal swab and culture?
Good for identifying which antibiotics you need.
