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Gyne > Infertility > Flashcards

Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

No previous pregnancies occured

A

Primary infertility

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2
Q

Prior pregnancy although not necessarily a live birth has occurred

A

Secondary infertility

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3
Q

Probability of a pregnancy within a single menstrual cycle

A

Fecundability

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4
Q

Probability of achieving a live birth within a single cycle

A

Fecundity

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5
Q

Relative prevalence of the etiologies of infertility

A

Male factor - 25-40%
Both male and female factor - 10%
Female factor - 40-55%
Unexplained infertility - 10%

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6
Q

Getting sample in the endo cervical canal

A

Post coital test

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7
Q

Post coital test

A

To check if there is problem with cervical mucus and sperm

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8
Q

Male factor

Developmental defects

A

Undescended testis

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9
Q

Male factor

Infections

A

Mumps orchitis

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10
Q

Male factor

Medication

A

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol

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11
Q

Cause significant testicular atrophy

A

STI
Systemic febrile illness
Mumps
Chickenpox

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12
Q

Can cause retrograde ejaculation

A

Inguinal herniorhapy

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13
Q

Assess any gynecomastia or anosmia ( kallmanns syndrome with hypohonadotropic hypogonadism

A

Exclude klinefelters syndrome

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14
Q

Associated with diminished semen quality or fecundity

A

Caffeine
Alcohol
Smoking

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15
Q

It is likely to detect one out of ten men who have “true” semen abnormality

A

A sensitive test

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16
Q

An abnormal test result does not always mean there is a true semen abnormality

A

Has poor specificity

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17
Q

Basic semen analysis measures

A

Semen volume
Sperm concentration
Super motility
Sperm morphology

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18
Q

Semen analysis

Taken to the lab within

A

1-2 hours of collection

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19
Q

Semen analysis

The initial fraction contains the

A

Greatest sperm density

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20
Q

Semen analysis

Liquefaction occurs

A

15-20 minutes after ejaculation

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21
Q

Semen analysis

Sperm motility decline

A

2 hours after ejaculation

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22
Q

Semen analysis

If abnormal

A

Ulitin ulet para ma compare

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23
Q

Semen analysis

Must be done in

A

3 days abstinence

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24
Q

Semen analysis

Development from spermatogonia to mature sperm

A

75 days

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25
Q

Sperm volume

Normal value

A

1.5-5ml

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26
Q

Sperm volume

Low volume

A

Possibility of retrograde ejaculation

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27
Q

Sperm volume

High volume

A

Relatively long periods of abstinence or inflammation of the accessory glands

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28
Q

Sperm concentration/density

Cut off

A

60M/ml

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29
Q

Sperm concentration/density

Lower limit

A

20M/ml

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30
Q

Sperm concentration/density

How many motile sperm is needed to fertilize egg

A

500,000

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31
Q

Cut off sperm motility

A

50%

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32
Q

Reduction of sperm motility

A

Asthenozoospermia

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33
Q

Abnormality of sperm morphology

A

Teratozoospermia

34
Q

Tygerberg classification

A

> 14% normal rate

4-14 % normal morphology

35
Q

Measures the ability of patients sperm to undergo capacitation to fuse with and penetrate

A

Sperm penetration assay

36
Q

If the result of first semen analysis is abnormal,

A

A repeat confirmatory test should be offered. Ideally be undertaken 3 moths after the initial analysis. Allow time for spermatozoa

37
Q

Spermatogonia undergo mitotic division to give rise to

A

Spermatocytes

38
Q

Spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce

A

Spermatids

39
Q

Spermatids contain

A

23 rather than 46 chromosomes

40
Q

Upon maturation spermatids become

A

Spermatozoa

41
Q

Line the seminiferous tubules, the site of spermatogonia is

A

Sertoli cells

42
Q

Site of androgen synthesis

A

Leydig cells

43
Q

Stimulate the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by the leydig cells

A

LH

44
Q

Stimulates the Sertoli cells to secretes inhibin

A

FSH

45
Q

Acts on seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis

A

FSH and testosterone

46
Q

16 days maturation

A

Spermatogenesis

47
Q

Spermatids

A

Spermatozoa testicle

48
Q

To transverse epididymis

A

12-21 days

49
Q

Biochemical and electrical events which takes place within the sperms outer surface membrane before fertilization can occu in cervical mucus

A

Capacitation

50
Q

Release of enzyme of the inner acrosomal membrane results in the breakdown of outer plasma membrane and its fusion with the outer acrosomal membrane

A

Acrosome reaction

51
Q

As the sperm penetrates the egg, it initiates hardening of zonapellucida, which prevents penetration by additional sperm

A

Cortical reaction

52
Q

Mature spermatozoa from vas deferents along with the fluid from

A

Prostate
Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral glands

53
Q

Ejaculation

A

Liquefaction

54
Q

The semen released isa gelatinous mixture of

A

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma

55
Q

Liquefaction occurs secondary to the presence of

A

Proteolytic enzyme within the prostatic fluid

56
Q

All semen parameters normal

A

Normozoospermia

57
Q

Reduced spree numbers

A

Ologozoospermia

58
Q

5-20 million /ml of semen

A

Mild to moderate

59
Q
A

Severe

60
Q

Reduced sperm motility

A

Asthenozoospermia

61
Q

Increased abnormal forms of sperm

A

Teratozoospermia

62
Q

Sperm variables all subnormal

A

Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

63
Q

No sperm in semen

A

Azoospermia

64
Q

No ejaculation (ejaculation failure)

A

Aspermia

65
Q

Increase white cell in semen

A

Leucocytospermia

66
Q

All sperm are non viable or non motile

A

Necrozoospermia

67
Q

Volume

A

> 2ml

68
Q

Sperm concentration

A

> 20 M/ml

69
Q

Sperm motility

A

> 50% progressive or > 25 % rapidly progressive

70
Q

Morphology (strict criteria)

A

> 15% normal forms

71
Q

White blood cells

A

> 1 million/ml

72
Q

Immuno beda or mixed anti globulin reaction test

A
73
Q

Causes of semen abnormalities

A

Nasa trans

So need mo tlagang basahin ang trans. Hwag kang tamarin 3rd year kna

74
Q

Drugs that can impair male fertility

Impaired spermatogenesis

A 
Sulfasalazine
Methotrexate
Nitrofurantoin
Colchicine
Chemotherapy
75
Q

Drugs that can impair male fertility

Pituitary suppression

A

Testosterone injections

Gnrh analogue

76
Q

Drugs that can impair male fertility

Antiandrogenic effects

A

Cimetidine

Spironolactone

77
Q

Drugs that can impair male fertility

Ejaculation failure

A

Alpha blockers
Antidepressants
Phenothiazines

78
Q

Drugs that can impair male fertility

Erectile dysfunction

A

Beta blockers
Thiazide
Metoclopramide

79
Q

Drug of misuse

A

Beta anabolic steroids
Cannabis
Heroin
Cocaine

80
Q

Abnormal dilation of veins (most common left) within the spermatic cord

A

Varicocele

81
Q

Treatment of varicocel

A

Cut the are of the blood vessel

82
Q

Definition of infertility

A

1 year of unprotected intercourse without pregnancy

Gyne (2 decks)

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