Infertility Flashcards
What are the indications for IVF (6)
- Ovarian causes
-Anovulation despite ovulation induction
-Hypogonadism or carriers of genetic mutation requiring donor egg - Tubal disease
-Severe disease
-Tubal disease + other RF for subfertility
-No spontaneous pregnancy after 6/12 - Uterine causes
-IVF not indicated - Unexplained
-If failed IUI and COI x 3 (sperm + ovulation induction) - Male factors
-IVF or ICSI if severe - Surrogacy
-Medically contraindicated
-No uterus
Describe ovulation induction
-Indications (4)
-Types (2)
-When to have UPSI
-Relationship to ovarian cancer
- Indications:
-Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
-Anovulation - PCOS, hyperprolactinemia (correct 1st)
-Mild to moderate endometriosis
-Unexplained infertility with IUI - Types
- Monitored - check oestradiol and USS to review follicle formation D10 and mid luteal progesterone to assess ovulation
- Reviewed - D21 progesterone
- Timing of UPSI
-If natural insemination - UPSI everyday/ 2 days from D11
-If artificial insemination LH daily from D11 to assess surge then 36hrs post this - No link between ovarian cancer and OI
What are the 6 methods of ovulation induction?
- Clomiphene - second line
- Letrozole - first line
- Metformin - not as good as clomifene or letrozole.
- Pulsatile GnRH therapy - 3rd line when no response to letrozole or clomifene
- Gonadotrophin therapy
- Ovarian drilling
Discuss clomifene in terms of ovulation induction.
-Medication family
-Mode of action
-Regimen
-SE (4)
-Risk of multiple pregnancy
-Risk of OHSS
-Risk of tetrogenicity
- SERM
- MOA
-Acts centrally
-Blocks the action of estradiol at the hypothalamus to increase FSH
-Acts as an agonist for LH and FSH on granulosa cells to increase follicular development.
-Can have negative impact on endometrium ? impacts pregnancy success rates - 50mg daily for 5 days. Starting on day 2-5 of the cycle. Can increase up to 150mg
- Side effects
-Hypoestrogenic effects, hot flushes, breast tenderness, N&V - Risk of twin pregnancy - 10%, risk of triplets - 1%
- Risk of OHSS <1%
- No increased risk cf letrozole and spont pregnancies
Discuss letrozole in terms of ovulation induction.
-Medication family
-Mode of action
-Regimen
-Efficacy
-Risk of multiple pregnancy
-Risk of OHSS
-SE (2)
-Risk of tetragenicity
- Aromatase inhibitor
-First line for OI - MOA
-Acts peripherally
-Reversible binding to CYP450 to prevent conversion of testosterone and androstenedione to oestrogen and estrone = reduced negative feedback to hypothalamus - Regimen
2.5mg PO daily day 3-7 of cycle up to max of 7.5mg. Check D21 progesterone. USS and estrodiol levels not required but can be done - Efficacy
-20-30% will become pregnant after 3-4 cycles
-Increased live birth rates compared with clomifene.
-Similar rates of miscarriage, OHSS< multiple pregnancy cf. clomifene (Cochrane RV 2014 - Risk of multiple pregnancy <5%
- Fatigue and dizziness
- No increased risk of fetal malformations cf clomifene
Discuss GnRH pulsatile therapy for OI
-MOA
-When to use
-Efficacy
-Risk of pregnancy and OHSS
- MOA
-GnRH stimulates LH and FSH production - Third line treatment when letrozole and clomifene have not worked
- Ovulation rates 90%, pregnancy rates 80%
- Low risk multiples and OHSS
Discuss Gonadatrophin therapy for OI
-MOA
-When to use
-Regimen
-Efficacy
-Risk of pregnancy and OHSS
- Administration of recombinant FSH
- Fourth line treatment - if failure with letrozole and clomifene and no access to GnRH pump
- Give daily injections from D2-3. monitor follicle formation with TVUSS. When dominant follicle >18mm give HCG trigger
- Ovulation rate 72%, pregnancy rate 45%
- Risk of multiples 15-20% and increased risk OHSS
Discuss ovarian drilling for ovulation induction
-When to use
-MOA
-Risks
-Benefits
-Efficacy
- Consider if monitoring not possible or as fifth line
- Thermal destruction of theca cells increasing FSH and enhancing intrafollicular development
- Surgical morbidity, risk of oophorectomy if bleeding
- Can combine with dx lap, lower risk of multiples and OHSS, doesn’t require monitoring
- As effective at gonadatrophins in achieving pregnancy
Discuss intrauterine insemination
-Types (2)
-Indications for each type
-Requirements
-Regimen for each type
-Efficacy
-Risks (5)
- Types
-Simple - semen is introduced to uterus 36hrs after ovulation
-Controlled ovulation and IUI - OI + semen introduction to uterus 36hrs after ovulation - Indications
-Simple: frozen sperm sperm donor, obstructive male factor infertility
-COI + IUI: Unexplained infertility, mild to moderate endometriosis, low sperm count or poor motility - Requirements
-Motile sperm in good numbers (do trial sperm wash)
->1 million total motile sperm
-Confirmed tubal patency - Regimens:
-Simple: monitor LH levels and give 36hrs after LH surge
-COI + IUI: track follicle formation by USS. Inject sperm at time of ovulation.
-Ovulation can be spontaneous or triggered by HCG
-Cannot use Sperm from testis aspirate as not enough. Much be ICSI - Efficacy
-Pregnancy rate 10-15% each round
-Best if female <35yrs old - Multiple pregnancy, OHSS (rare), ectopic pregnancy, infection and bleeding
Describe the steps of IVF (7)
- Suppression of natural cycle - stops ovulation and loss of eggs.
-GnRH agonist protocol
- causes downregulation of pituitary.
- Takes about 2/52
- Commence mid luteal phase of preceding cycle
- Monitor suppression with oestrodiol levels. Once low can
stimulate
-GnRH antagonist protocol
-Blocks GnRH receptors on pituitary and reduces LH/FSH
production
-Onset in a few days. Can start simulation immediately - Stimulation
-FSH daily injections for 2 weeks
-Track follicular development by USS - Trigger re entry into meiosis
-Give once >2 follicles are >16mm
-Usually HCG (much longer effect so increase OHSS)
-GnRH agonist if using antagonist protocol and >20 follicles so at risk of OHSS. Don’t implant this cycle - freeze. - Egg collection
-Undertake 36hrs after trigger
-Aspirate follicles before ovulation with USS guided needle
-90% of follicles have an oocyte - Fertilisation:
-Incubate with sperm overnight
-ICSI if male infertility factor - Embryo transfer
-Day 3-5
-Single embryo is gold standard
-place in uterine cavity under USS guidance - Provide luteal support with HCG injections or vaginal progesterone
What are the ways sperm is collected for ICSI (3)
ICSI is used for severe male infertility factor
1. Methods of collection:
-Ejaculation
-Testicular aspiration (TESA)
-Epididymal aspiration (PESA)
What are the prognostic factors of IVF success (7)
- Age <35
- Shorter duration of infertility
- First IVF cycle
- Previous successful pregnancy
- Non smoker
- Salpingectomy prior to IVF if hydrosalpinges present
Discuss isthomocele/CS scar defect in relation to infertility
-Definition
-Incidence
-Sx (3)
-Risk factors
-Cause of infertility
-Diagnosis
-Management
-Follow-up advise
- Any visible defect in the anterior isthmus of the uterus on TV scan. >3mm is considered large
- 24-85% - uncommon to be symptomatic
- Presentation:
-Secondary infertility OR 1.6 prev CS cf VB
-AUB with post menstrual spotting / brown PV DC
-Dysmenorrhoea ? adenomyosis in scar - Risk factors
-Previous CS
-Long labour >5hrs, dilation >5cm, low station
-Slow absorbing sutures, endometrium not included in layer, 1 x myometrial layer closure, scar ischemia
-Oxytocin - Accumulation of menstrual blood secondary to poor myometrial contractility
-impacts cx mucous, sperm motility and viability
-may impact blastocyst implantation - Diagnosis
-TVUSS
-triangular hypoechoic zone
-MRI - gold standard
-Hysterosalpinogram or saline sonohysterography
-Hysteroscopy or laparoscopy - Management:
-Medical - menstrual suppression if not desiring fertility
-Surgical
- hysteroscopic if myometrium >3mm thick
- Laparoscopic if myometrium <3mm thick - Follow-up advise
Delay pregnancy >3/12 after procedure
Recommend CS for next delivery due to rupture risk
Discuss OHSS (Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome)
-Cause
-Types
-Incidence
-Risk factors
-Measures to prevent OHSS
- Systemic disease caused by vasoactive substances released by stimulated ovary (VEGF). Cause capillary permeability and third spacing with resulting intravascular dehydration.
Levels of vasoactive substances raised by HCG - Types of OHSS
Early OHSS
-Occurs within 9 days of HCG trigger.
-Associate with exogenous HCG
-Resolves in 10-14 days if woman not pregnant
Late OHSS
-Occurs >=10 days post trigger
-Associated with endogenous HCG production.
-More prolonged and severe - Incidence
-0.5% of OHSS requires hospitalisation
-Mild OHSS - 30%
-Moderate - 5%
-Severe <1% - Risk factors:
-Lean, young age
-PCOS, High AMH, Previous OHSS
-HCG as trigger, superovulation >20 follicles, rapidly rising oestradiol, multiple pregnancy - Prevention measures
- Use GnRH antagonist cycle so can avoid HCG trigger
-Recognise risk factors (>20 follicles, rapidly rising estrogen or >10,000)
-With hold HCG trigger, with hold embryo transfer
-Avoid HCG for luteal support - use progesterone
-Consider cabergoline at time of trigger to reduce VEGF factor release
-Dose with FSH according to RF for OHSS
-Single embryo transfer
How does OHSS present
-Sx (5)
-Signs (6)
-Differential dx (5)
- Sx
-Discomfort - not severe pain
-Distension
-N+V
-SOB, Orthopneoa
-Decrease urine output - Signs
-Tense acities
-Hypotension
-Tachycardia
-Tachycapneoa
-Hypoxia
-Rapid weight gain - DDx
-Torsion
-Ovarian haemorrhage
-Infection (higher with endometrioma)
-Ectopic
-Appendicitis