Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular System > Infective Endocarditis > Flashcards

Infective Endocarditis Flashcards

1
Q

What is infective endocarditis. (2)

A

Infection of the endothelium.

Usually involves the valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the vegetations found in infective endocarditis composed of. (3)

A

They are a mixtures of bacteria, fibrin and platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the causes of infective endocarditis. (3)

A

Bacteria.
Fungi.
Other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in IE in IVDU.

A

Streptococcus viridans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percentage of IE have no identified causative organism.

A

Approximately 10%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What bacteria are involved in IE. (5)

A 
Staphylococcus aureus/epidermidis. 
Streptococci viridans. 
Enterococci. 
Chlamydia. 
Gram negative bacteria (rarely: haemophilus, actnobacillus, cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What two categories is IE divided into.

A

Acute endocarditis.

Subacute endocarditis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the difference between acute endocarditis and subacute endocarditis. (2)

A

Acute endocarditis is a rapidly progressive illness.

Subacute endocarditis is a slowly progressive condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the symptoms of IE. (4)

A

Fever.
Anorexia.
Weight loss.
Myalgia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Duke’s criteria for IE.

A

It is a way of diagnosis IE.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What aspects of Duke’s criteria are needed to positively diagnose IE. (3)

A

2 major criteria.
1 major criteria and 3 minor criteria.
5 minor criteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the major criteria of Duke’s criteria for IE. (2)

A

Blood culture positive for typical organism or persistently positive.
Evidence of endocardial involvement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the minor criteria of Duke’s criteria for IE. (5)

A

Fever.
Previous heart condition or IVDU.
Immunological phenomena: osler’s nodes, roth spots, glomerulonephritis, clubbing, petechia, arthralgia.
Vascular phenomena: mocotic aneurysms, Janeway lesions, septic emboli, intracranial haemorrhage, visceral infarct, splinter haemorrhages.
Positive blood culture with atypical bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are osler’s nodes.

A

Raised tender nodules on finger pulps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are roth spots.

A

Small boat shaped retinal haemorrhages with a pale centre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Janeway lesions.

A

Painless macules on the palm or sole of feet.

17
Q

What is fever+new murmur until proven otherwise.

A

Infective endocarditis.

18
Q

When should you take blood cultures in a patient presenting with a fever.

A

Any fever lasting >1week in those known to be at risk of developing IE.

19
Q

Where do 50% of all endocarditis occur.

A

In normal valves.

20
Q

How does infective endocarditis typically present. (3)

A

It follows an acute course.

Presents with acute heart failure and emboli.

21
Q

What are the risk factors for developing acute IE. (6)

A 
Dermatitis. 
IV injections. 
Renal failure. 
Organ transplantation. 
DM. 
Post-op wounds.
22
Q

What is the usual via of entry for acute IE.

A

Via the skin.

23
Q

What is the mortality rate for acute presentations of endocarditis.

A

5-50%.

24
Q

What is the mortality rate for acute endocarditis related to. (2)

A

Age and embolic events.

25
Q

Where does subacute endocarditis tend to occur.

A

On abnormal valves.

26
Q

What are the risk factors for developing subacute endocarditis. (6)

A 
Aortic or mitral valve disease. 
Tricuspid valves in IVDU. 
Coarctation. 
Patent ductus arteriosus. 
VSD. 
Prosthetic valves.
27
Q

What are the two aetiologies of IE on prosthetic valves. (2)

A

Early (during surgery).

Late (haematogenous).

28
Q

What are some fungal causes of IE. (3)

A

Candida.
Aspergillus.
Histoplasma.

29
Q

What are the other causes of IE. (2)

A

SLE.

Malignancy.

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of IE due to. (4)

A

Septic signs.
Cardiac lesions.
Immune complex deposition.
Embolic phenomena.

31
Q

What are the septic signs of IE. (8)

A 
Fever. 
Rigors. 
Night sweats. 
Malaise. 
Weight loss. 
Anaemia. 
Splenomegaly. 
Clubbing.
32
Q

What are the cardiac lesion signs of IE. (2)

A

Any new murmur.

Any change in a pre-existing murmur.

33
Q

What is a common cause of death in IE.

A

Left ventricular failure.

34
Q

What are the immune complex deposition signs of IE. (7)

A 
Vasculitis. 
Acute renal failure. 
Roth spots. 
Slinter haemorrhages. 
Osler's nodes. 
Glomerulonephritis. 
Microscopic haematuria.
35
Q

What are the embolic signs of IE.

A

Emboli may cause abscesses in the relevant organ (brain, heart, kidney, spleen, gut, lung, skin - Janeway lesions).

36
Q

What is the mortality rate of IE. (3)

A

30% with staphs.
14% if bowel organisms.
6% if sensitive streptococci.

37
Q

What are the ECG changes associated with IE.

A

long PR interval at regular intervals.

38
Q

What may be seen on the blood tests of a patient with IE. (3)

A

Normocytic normochromic anaemia.
High ESR/CRP.
Neutrophilia.

Cardiovascular System (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions