Infectious potential for operations

Question 1

Clean;
- The operative procedure does not enter a ? viscus, or ? of the body, e.g. elective hernia repair.
Surgical site infection {SSI) entirely due to contaminants from the ?/?, mainly ?, with a rate of 2-5%.

Answer 1

colonised
lumen
surgeon/environment
s.aureus

Question 2

Potentially-contaminated;
The operative procedure enters into a ? viscus or body cavity, but under ? and controlled circumstances.
SSI risk is from ? bacteria, with a rate of 10%.

Answer 2

colonised
elective
endogenous

Question 3

Contaminated;
Contamination is present at the ? ?, without ? infection, e.g.
intestinal spillage due to penetrating injury.
SSI risk is from ? bacteria, and stands at ?%

Answer 3

surgical site
obvious
endogenous
20

Question 4

Dirty
Surgery performed where ? infection is already present, e.g. abdominal
exploration for intra-abdominal ? and perforation.
Infection risk is from already established pathogens, and stands at ?%

Answer 4

active
abscess
30