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Geography AS > Infectious & Non-Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious & Non-Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A
  • They are diseases that can be spread from one human to another.
  • They are caused by the spread of bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi.
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2
Q

What are some examples of infectious diseases?

A
  • Cholera
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Influenza
  • Malaria
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3
Q

Where are infectious diseases more common?

A
  • In the developing world.
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4
Q

Why are infectious diseases more common in the developing world?

A
  • They have less money to spend on public health and medicine.
  • Poor sanitation
  • Poor access to clean drinking water
  • Leads to spread of disease
  • Many people in LEDCs are not immunised against common infections and disease.
  • People in LEDCs more prone to disease as their immune systems are not as strong as ours.
  • Refugees are vulnerable to disease.
  • They are also responsible for spreading diseases to new areas.
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5
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A
  • It is a disease that is not infectious.
  • Meaning it is not spread from person to person.
  • Caused by increased levels of ‘ease of life’ that comes with increased wealth.
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6
Q

What are some examples of non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Hypertension
  • Cancer
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7
Q

Where are non-communicable diseases more common?

A
  • In the developed world
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8
Q

Why are non-communicable diseases more common in the developed world?

A
  • The decrease in physical activity that comes with sedentary jobs and increased car use.
  • Increased access to large quantities of affordable food, including increased amounts of processed foods and high-fat, high-sugar foods.
  • Increased levels of alcohol and tobacco use.
  • These give the idea that a non-communicable disease is a ‘disease of affluence’.
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9
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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10
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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11
Q

What does HIV do to the body?

A
  • It writes it’s own structure into the white blood cells and once it enters the white blood cell, it reproduces.
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12
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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13
Q

What happens when all the white blood cells have been taken over by HIV?

A
  • It means that a person has AIDS and they cannot produce antibodies to fight disease.
  • They become at high risk to other diseases and illnesses.
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14
Q

How is HIV/AIDS spread?

A
  • Exchange of bodily fluids during sex
  • Contaminated needles during intravenous drug use
  • Contaminated blood transfusions
  • Passed from mother to child during pregnancy
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15
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS are there in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Around 25 million, which is 60% of cases

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16
Q

What areas are affected?

A
  • Botswana
  • Swaziland
  • South Africa
17
Q

How many people have died from HIV/AIDS since the outbreak?

A

25 million

18
Q

How many years does AIDS reduce life expectancy by in Botswana?

A

48 years

19
Q

What are some of the economic impacts of HIV and AIDS?

A
  1. HIV and AIDS tends to affect adults in the population ages when they are normally most productive.

This removes economically active people from the population and increases the dependency ratio.

  1. Children may become orphaned as their parents die AIDS. This makes them unable to continue in education and reduces their eventual value to the economy.
  2. The cost of treatment and care for this disease are very expensive.

This means that healthcare budgets of many poor countries are unable to cope as they cannot afford it.

  1. The loss of agricultural workers has placed extra pressure on food production in areas that are suffering food shortages.
20
Q

What are the impacts on lifestyle because of HIV/AIDS?

A
  1. This disease damages the family unit.

Leaving children orphaned.

  1. When a parent dies, children are often pulled out of education to enter low-paid employment to support the rest of the family.
21
Q

What ways is HIV/AIDS managed and prevented?

A
  1. Blood is now commonly screened for HIV antibodies before the blood transfusions.
  2. Better education about sexual health, slows down the spread of the disease.
  3. Better education about the dangers of drug use and the use of dirty needles.
  4. Reducing poverty can prevent deaths among the population.

This is because sanitation, nutrition, access to water and healthcare improves.

  1. The most effective way to treat HIV is with antiretroviral drugs.

They are widely available in the developed world but unavailable in the developing world due to their high cost.

22
Q

What is coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A
  • it is a disease which occurs when the heart’s blood supply is interrupted by a buildup of fatty substances in the coronary arteries.
23
Q

How many risk factors are there?

A

Over 300 risk factors

24
Q

What are some of the risk factors in MEDCs?

A
  • smoking
  • drinking alcohol
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • obesity
25
Q

What are some of the risk factors in LEDCs?

A
  • undernutrition

- prevalence of communicable diseases

26
Q

What is an example of an uncontrollable risk factor for coronary heart disease?

A
  • Advancing age

- Hereditary factors

27
Q

How can the impact of heart disease be measured?

A
  • disability adjusted life years (DALY)

- this shows the number of years of healthy life lost due to the disease.

28
Q

What are the top 4 countries with the highest numbers of deaths from coronary heart disease?

A
  • Russia
  • China
  • India
  • USA
29
Q

What are the impacts on health from coronary heart disease?

A
  • painful heart attacks
  • strokes
  • dizziness
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain
  • fatigue
  • stress
  • coughing or wheezing
30
Q

What are the economic impacts of coronary heart disease?

A
  • this disease cost the government a lot of money because of the need for increased healthcare provision.

In 1996 Germany spent $82,000 per case.

  • coronary heart disease has a negative impact on the economy due to the reduced workforce productivity.
31
Q

What are the impacts on lifestyle due to coronary heart disease?

A
  • as individuals cannot work they incur a financial costs associated medical treatment or loss of earnings.
  • if a family carer is needed then the family will lose out on more earnings.
32
Q

How can coronary heart disease be managed or prevented?

A
  • The main aim is to stop individuals from smoking
  • eat a healthy diet
  • undertake regular physical exercise
  • education is key to educate the population on the risk factors and trying to make people change their lifestyle.
  • Government laws such as banning smoking in public areas.
  • local authorities can help by increasing access to health advice and affordable fitness options.

Geography AS (13 decks)

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