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Respiratory (equine) > Infectious lower respiratory disease > Flashcards

Infectious lower respiratory disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the common three clinical signs of infectious disease?

A

groups effected
pyrexia
dull/inappetence

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2
Q

what clinical pathology can be done to aid diagnosis of infectious disease?

A

haematology - white cell count, acute phase proteins

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3
Q

what are the main positive acute phase proteins?

A

serum amyloid A
fibrinogen

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4
Q

which acute phase protein increases the quickest in response to infection?

A

serum amyloid A

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5
Q

what is the main issue with testing for antibodies for an infection?

A

have to allow time for them to increase

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6
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of equine influenza?

A

high morbidity and low mortality

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7
Q

what are the subtypes of equine influenza based on?

A

surface glycoproteins (H and N)

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8
Q

what are the surface glycoproteins of equine influenza?

A

haemagglutinin
neuraminidase

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9
Q

what is the main strain of equine influenza?

A

H3N8

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10
Q

why aren’t vaccines effective against equine influenza?

A

display antigenic drift (always developing)

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11
Q

how does equine influenza effect the ciliated epithelium of the trachea?

A

strips it of cilia, so the respiratory tract loses the ability to defend itself

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12
Q

what is the incubation period of equine influenza?

A

1-5 days

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13
Q

what are the clinical signs of equine influenza?

A

fever (up to 41°C)
cough (dry/moist)
oedema/hyperaemia of trachea
nasal discharge (serous/mucopurulent)
lethargy/inappetence

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14
Q

what type of cough is seen with equine influenza?

A

dry that turns into a moist cough

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15
Q

what type of nasal discharge is seen with equine influenza?

A

serous that turns into a mucopurulent

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16
Q

how long does it take for a horse to recover from equine influenza?

A

1-3 weeks (unless secondary infection)

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17
Q

what initially happens to the white cell in equine influenza cases?

A

lymphopaenia (neutropaenia)

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18
Q

what happens to white cells after the initial lymphopaenia in equine influenza?

A

monocytosis
neutrophilia

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19
Q

what happens to fibrinogen levels in equine influenza?

A

hyperfibrinogenaemia

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20
Q

how is equine influenza diagnosed?

A

looking at rising antibody titre over 2-4 weeks (should quadruple)

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21
Q

why does care need to be taken when measuring antibody titre to diagnose equine influenza?

A

if they are vaccinated it can effect the results

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22
Q

when is the best time to swab the respiratory tract for equine influenza?

A

2-5 days after infected (highest level of shedding)

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23
Q

how is equine influenza treated?

A

supportive - hydration, NSAIDs…
antibiotics if secondary infection present

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24
Q

how long should a horse with equine influenza be rested for?

A

1 week off work for every day they are pyrexic

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25
Q

how is equine influenza spread?

A

respiratory route, especially via direct contact

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26
Q

how long can equine influenza survive in the environment?

A

36 hours (easily killed by disinfectant)

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27
Q

why can’t we prevent horses diagnosed with equine influenza from moving off the yard?

A

the disease isn’t notifiable

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28
Q

how long can horses excrete equine influenza for after they become infected?

A

up to 8 days

29
Q

how is equine influenza managed?

A

isolate and monitor pyrexia
disinfect and separate all equipment

30
Q

how many foals are exposed to equine herpesvirus 1 and 4?

A

most exposed and seroconvert

31
Q

when is equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 shed?

A

at times of stress (is a latent infection)

32
Q

what forms of disease does equine herpesvirus 1 cause?

A

respiratory
abortion
neurological

33
Q

where is equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 found latently?

A

trigeminal ganglia and lymph nodes

34
Q

how severe is the respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1 and 4?

A

mild

35
Q

what are some examples of mild respiratory disease?

A

adenovirus, rhinovirus, herpes virus…

36
Q

what are the features on haematology of acute respiratory virus infections?

A

decreased neutrophils and lymphocytes

37
Q

what are the features on haematology of mild viral infections? (after the acute lymphopaenia)

A

lymphocytes increase (lymphocytes go higher than neutrophils - reverse differential)

38
Q

what is Rhodococcus equi also known as?

A

rattles

39
Q

what horses is Rhodococcus equi seen in?

A

3 weeks to 6 month old foals

40
Q

what bacteria is Rhodococcus equi similar to in human?

A

Tuberculosis

41
Q

what does Rhodococcus equi cause?

A

pyogranulomatous pneumonia

42
Q

how is Rhodococcus equi treated?

A

long cause of antibiotics (hard to get rid of)

43
Q

what antibiotics are usually used to treat Rhodococcus equi?

A

macrolide or rifampin

44
Q

why is Rhodococcus equi so hard to treat?

A

lives intracellularly within macrophages causing pyogranulomatous lesion that are difficult for antibiotics to penetrate

45
Q

what is Streptococcus equi var equi also known as?

A

Strangles

46
Q

why is Streptococcus equi var equi called strangles?

A

causes a massive swelling of submandibular lymph node causing strangling of horse

47
Q

how is strangles spread?

A

through direct nose/mouth contact and fomites

48
Q

where do strangles carriers harbour the infection?

A

guttural pouch

49
Q

why is isolating strangles useful?

A

it is an obligate pathogen that isn’t part of normal flora so you know it is a significant finding

50
Q

what is the incubation period of strangles?

A

3-14 days

51
Q

what are the early clinical signs of strangles?

A

depression/fever
mucoid nasal discharge
cough
anorexia/difficulty swallowing
mild pharyngeal swelling

52
Q

in relation to shedding, when do the first clinical signs of strangles present?

A

2-3 days before shedding (pyrexic before they start shedding)

53
Q

what are some clinical signs of strangles after the initial signs?

A

purulent nasal discharge
lymph node enlargement

54
Q

what is the most common site for lymph node enlargement associated with strangles?

A

submandibular and retropharyngeal

55
Q

where does strangles spread to if the retropharyngeal lymph node access ruptures?

A

guttural pouch

56
Q

what happens if strangles enters the guttural pouch due to rupture of retropharyngeal lymph nodes?

A

chronic guttural pouch empyema leading to chondroids

57
Q

what are some possible complications of strangles?

A

cellulitis and local tissues damage
pneumonia and abscessation
immune mediated myositis/myocarditis
purpura haemorrhagica
bastard strangles

58
Q

what is purpura haemorrhagica in regards to strangles?

A

type III hypersensitivity caused by a strangles and antibody complex implanting onto a capillary bed and being attacked by the immune system and damaging the vessel wall

59
Q

what is a type III hypersensitivity?

A

an antibody-antigen complex

60
Q

what is bastard strangles?

A

strangles causing abscesses in lymph nodes not in the head

61
Q

how is strangles diagnosed?

A

clinical signs
nasopharyngeal swabs/lavage
guttural pour wash
rising antibody titres

62
Q

how can you confirm a horse is free from strangles?

A

3 negative nasal swabs (3 successive weeks)
1 guttural pouch washes

63
Q

how is strangles treated?

A

symptomatic (NSAIDs…)
soft, wet feed
hot pack abscess
flush abscesses
(antibiotics)

64
Q

should antibiotics be given to strangles cases?

A

not if there is developing abscesses in lymph nodes as it delays the maturation of abscesses and prolongs the disease

65
Q

what is the best antibiotic for strangles?

A

penecillin

66
Q

what is the best way to prevent strangles?

A

quarantine new animals for 3 weeks

67
Q

is there a vaccine for strangles?

A

yes - modified live

68
Q

what is inflammatory airway disease?

A

mold/moderate equine asthma

69
Q
A

Respiratory (equine) (3 decks)

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