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Respiratory (equine) > Equine athlete > Flashcards

Equine athlete Flashcards

1
Q

what factors contribute to the equine athlete having a successful performance?

A

haemoglobin concentration
gas exchange
heart size
skeletal muscle properties
anaerobic capacity
biomechanics

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2
Q

how fast is anaerobic compared to aerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic is much faster but not as clean (lactate produced) and less efficient

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3
Q

what is VO2max?

A

the maximal aerobic metabolic rate which has a close link to performance ability
(the maximum/optimum rate at which the heart, lungs, and muscles can effectively use oxygen during exercise)

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4
Q

what is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange

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5
Q

what is the secondary function of the respiratory system?

A

humidification, filtering and warming air
thermoregulation
phonation/olfaction
acid-base regulation
pulmonary defence mechanism

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6
Q

how can minute ventilation be calculated?

A

tidal volume x breaths/minute

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7
Q

what is an anatomical dead space of the respiratory tract?

A

anything not contributing to gas exchange - trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, non-aerated alveoli…

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8
Q

is carbon dioxide or oxygen more diffusible?

A

carbon dioxide (25x quicker)

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9
Q

what does the rate of diffusion in the respiratory tract depend on?

A

pressure gradient and thickness of alveolar-capillary barrier

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10
Q

how is gas transported in blood?

A

dissolved
bound to haemoglobin

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11
Q

how does respiratory function change during exercise?

A

increased ventilation
increased perfusion (cardiac output)
increased diffusion
increased haemoglobin concentration

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12
Q

how do horses increase their haemoglobin concentration?

A

splenic contractions

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13
Q

how do exercising horses increase gas diffusion at tissues?

A

oxyhemoglobin curve shifts to the right due to hypercapnia, acidosis and hyperthermia

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14
Q

what normally causes exercise induced hypoxaemia?

A

usually do to diffusion limitations

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15
Q

what factors can decrease pulmonary gas exchange?

A

increased pulmonary resistance
decrease alveolar compliance
dynamic airway collapse
respiratory muscle issues
decrease cardiac output
decrease haemoglobin

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16
Q

what is EIPH?

A

exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage

17
Q

what is exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage?

A

haemorrhage into the airways when horses are exercising at high intensity

18
Q

how is EIPH usually diagnosed?

A

post exercise endoscopy

19
Q

how does EIPH appear on post mortem?

A

blue discolouration of lungs due to haemosiderin accumulation within the damaged lung area

20
Q

where is the most common area for EIPH lesions?

A

start caudally and progress craniodorsally

21
Q

other than endoscopy post exercise, how can EIPH be diagnosed?

A

BAL for several weeks

22
Q

what are you looking to find on BAL in suspected EIPH cases?

A

haemosiderophages

23
Q

how can endoscopy be used to grade EIPH?

A

look for amount of blood in the trachea

24
Q

what is grade 1 EIPH?

A

flecks or single short stream of blood less than a quarter of the tracheal length

25
Q

what is grade 2 EIPH?

A

one continuous stream of blood extending over half the length of the trachea or multiple streams of blood covering less than one third of the tracheal surface

26
Q

what is grade 3 EIPH?

A

multiple streams of blood covering over a third of the tracheal surface

27
Q

what is grade 4 EIPH?

A

abundant blood stream in the trachea and pooling at thoracic inlet

28
Q

what is found on tracheal wash or BAL to confirm EIPH?

A

free erythrocytes and haemosiderin in macrophages (haemosiderophages)

29
Q

how long after the event can BAL be used to diagnose EIPH?

A

weeks/months

30
Q

why does EIPH occur?

A

high pulmonary vascular pressure and high inspiratory pressures

31
Q

does EIPH effect performance?

A

grade 3 and 4 are associated with performance

32
Q

does EIPH cause airway inflammation?

A

yes - neutrophils dominate initially and then macrophages take over in the more chronic stages

33
Q

how is EIPH treated?

A

rest and anti-inflammatories

34
Q

why do we want to reduce the inflammation caused by EIPH?

A

will lead to alveolar septal fibrosis that can reduce gas exchange capabilities of the alveolar as the diffuse distance increases and compliance decreases

35
Q

what medication has be shown to decrease severity of EIPH?

A

furosemide

36
Q

how does furosemide decrease severity of EIPH?

A

diuretic so will decrease the circulating blood volume and hence the circulating pressure

37
Q

why is furosemide banned in horse racing?

A

alters drug excretion rates and is a performance enhancing drug

Respiratory (equine) (3 decks)

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