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CABS 1 Test > Infectious Labs > Flashcards

Infectious Labs Flashcards

1
Q

What does CBC with diff include

A

RBC count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
WBC breakdown
Platelet count
Blood smear

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2
Q

What’s included with a WBC breakdown

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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3
Q

What does the WBC breakdown tell us

A

Total number of WBC in venous system

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4
Q

If the WBC breakdown increases, what is it indicative of?

A

Leukemia
Trauma
Stress

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5
Q

If the number of WBC in a diff decreases, what does it mean

A

Infection
Failure of marrow
Radiation therapy

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6
Q

What does ANC stand for

A

Absolute neutrophil count

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7
Q

What does ANC show

A

The risk of infection

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8
Q

Which patients will have low ANC

A

Oncology patients

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9
Q

What are some other components of blood

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Gases
Nutrients
Waste

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10
Q

What does water in the blood do

A

It is a carrying liquid

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11
Q

What do electrolytes in the blood do

A

Assist with cellular function (calcium helps with clot formation)

Maintains pH and membrane excitability

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12
Q

What do proteins in blood do

A

Buffer and maintain osmotic pressure

Also responsible for antibodies

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13
Q

What is the most important protein in the blood and why?

A

Albumin because it makes up the bulk of the plasma

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14
Q

What do gases in the blood do

A

Byproduct of HC03- buffer and it helps with protein breakdown

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15
Q

What do nutrients in the blood do?

A

Helps with tissue repair and cellular fuction

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16
Q

What does waste in the blood contain?

A

Protein catabolism
Energy/protein metabolism
RBC destruction

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17
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

-Most numerous leukocyte
- type of granulocyte

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18
Q

Where are neutrophils made

A

Bone marrow (takes 7-14 days)

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19
Q

How long do neutrophils circulate

A

6 hours

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20
Q

What does the DNA of the neutrophil do?

A

Encases the pathogen and increases WBC affinity for the pathogen….

Will form a phagosome once FB is intracellular and breaks it down to create antigen

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21
Q

If there are a lot of young WBC… what does that mean for the patient

A

There is something causing the bone marrow to produce lots of WBC

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22
Q

What will a lot of young WBC look like on a CBC with diff

A

The left shift

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23
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A

Stress
Infection
Myelocytic leukemia
Inflammatory disorder
Metabolic disorders

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24
Q

What causes neutropenia

A

Anemia
Overwhelming infection
Viral infection
Chemo

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25
Q

What are monocytes and what do they do

A

APC (more than neutrophils)
Phagocytize nectrotic debris
Circulate longer than neutrophils

26
Q

What causes monocytosis

A

Chronic inflammation
Ulcerative colitis
Parasites

27
Q

What causes monocytopenia

A

Anemia
Prednisone

28
Q

When are eosinophils and basophils seen

A

During parasitic infections ( not with bacterial OR viral infections)

29
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Create immediate hypersensitivity and fight off extracellular parasites

30
Q

What do basophils do

A

Similar to mast cells, they increase inflammation reaction ( contain histamines, heparin, seratonin)

31
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Combat chronic bacteria and acute viral infections

32
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes

A

T- cells
B-cells
NK cells

33
Q

What causes lymphocytosis

A

Viral infections
Hepatitis
Multiple myeloma
Chronic bacterial infections

34
Q

What causes lymphocytopenia

A

Leukemia
Sepsis
HIV
Covid

35
Q

What does a blood smear show

A

Takes a close look at RBCs and WBCs to identify infection, congenital disease, and leukemia

36
Q

When are blood smears done

A

Only when something unusual pops up (concern for leukemia)

37
Q

What is ESR

A

Erythrocyte sediment rate

38
Q

What is CRP

A

C- Reactive Protein

39
Q

What’s does ESR/CRP show

A

Non-specific inflammatory markers

40
Q

What is the pro/con of ESR

A

More accurate in long term diseases, takes longer to increase, but stays increased longer

41
Q

What are the pros/cons of CRP

A

Acute phase reactant protein, indicates infection, and it’s faster than ESR

DM/HTN/smoking can all increase results

42
Q

What is lactate indicative of

A

Tissue hypoxia with anaerobic metabolism instead of aerobic

43
Q

What factors can influence lactate levels

A

Sepsis, exercise, and shock can all increase lactate levels

Leaving a tourniquet on too long while drawing blood will also increase

44
Q

What can you not tell by just looking at increased lactate levels

A

Whether it’s local or systemic

45
Q

What is type 1 lactate increase

A

Lactate had increased but it’s drug induced instead of hypoxia

46
Q

Type 2 increased lactate

A

This is the classic one caused from seizures, shock, and local ischemia

47
Q

What is type 3 increased lactate

A

Idiopathic

48
Q

When are cultures drawn

A

When looking for infection (placed on different mediums for optimal conditions)

49
Q

When are blood cultures drawn

A

Bacteremia identification (intermittent or transient)

50
Q

How many cultures are needed and from where to identify bacteremia

A

2 from 2 different locations

51
Q

How long does it take for a blood culture to result

A

24 hours UNLESS it’s anaerobic

52
Q

When are urine cultures drawn

A

Checking for UTI or STDs

53
Q

When do you take an STD urine culture

A

In the morning for “dirty” urine (30cc)

54
Q

How to test urine for UTI

A

Need clean urine- collect midstream

55
Q

What does a purple gram stain result indicate

A

Gram positive

56
Q

When are viral cultures seen

A

Highest in early disease process

57
Q

What is important when taking viral cultures

A

Medium culture is grown on

58
Q

How long does it take a viral culture to result

A

3-7 days

59
Q

How are viral cultures separated

A

Whether they have RNA or DNA makeup

60
Q

When looking at a viral culture sample, how will you know if a virus is drug sensitive

A

It will have a no growth ring around it

CABS 1 Test (3 decks)

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