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CABS 1 Test > Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

What are the immune system pathways

A

Too much
Not enough
Wrong antigen
Training needed

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2
Q

What determines hyper sensitivity reaction

A

Antigen and entry site

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3
Q

What do B-lymphocytes do

A

Neutralize microbe
Phagocytize
Activate complement system

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4
Q

What are the types of T Lymphocytes

A

T-helper
T-cytotoxic
T-regulatory

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5
Q

What do T-helper cells do

A

Activate macrophages
Cause inflammation
T&B cell activation

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6
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells do

A

Kill infected cell

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7
Q

What do T-regulatory cells do

A

T-lymphocyte responds and causes immune response suppression to prevent autoimmune responses

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8
Q

How many exposures are required to develop a hypersensitivity

A

1
Could need multiple to develop enough lymphocytes

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9
Q

What are hypersensitivity responses

A

A response than causes a reaction in the body

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10
Q

How long does it take a hypersensitivity response to occur

A

Could be immediate or delayed

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11
Q

What are the types of hypersensitivities

A

Allergic
Cytotoxic
Immune mediated
Delayed (T-cell mediated)

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12
Q

What antibodies are involved with allergic reaction

A

IgE

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13
Q

What antibodies are involved with cytotoxic reactions

A

IgG

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14
Q

What antibodies are involved with immune mediated reactions

A

IgG
Rare

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15
Q

What causes immune mediated hypersensitivities

A

An antigen coming from oral antibiotics or from an infected source (hep B)

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16
Q

What antibodies are involved with cell mediated reactions

A

T-cells

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17
Q

What happens first with type 1 reactions

A

Significant Mast cell degranulation

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18
Q

What are type 1 reactions associated with

A

Seasonal allergies

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19
Q

What are common symptoms from type 1 reactions

A

Urticaria
Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
GI allergy
*anaphylaxis

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20
Q

What would cause someone to have an increased risk of type 1 reactions

A

An atopic patient has increased production of IgE

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21
Q

What is the most important mediator for mast cells

A

Histamine

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22
Q

What do H1 receptors do in type 1 reactions

A

Smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm) and increased vasodilation/permeability

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23
Q

What do H2 receptors do in Type 1 reactions

A

Increase gastric acid secretion
Use negative feedback loop

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24
Q

What else do mast cells release in type 1 reactions besides histamine

A

Leukotriene
Prostaglandins

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25
Q

How does Epi and steroids help during anaphylaxis

A

Epi- counters the histamine
Steroids-inhibit cytokines, inflammatory response, and enzymes

26
Q

What is a Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Tissue specific reaction

27
Q

How do type 2 hypersensitivity reactions occur

A

Outside antigen binds to specific tissue plasma membrane and acts as a target for the reaction

28
Q

What type of antibody response occurs with type 2 reactions

A

IgG or IgM

29
Q

What cellular process can occur to cause type 2 reactions

A

Cell mediated lysis
Phagocytosis
MAC (osmotic lysis)
NK cells (apoptosis)
Antibodies bind and block receptors

30
Q

What occurs during type 3 hyper sensitivity reactions

A

Antibody bonds with circulating antigen and forms antibody-antigen complex

31
Q

Is type 3 reactions tissue specific?

A

No- will cause inflammation wherever they deposit

32
Q

What are examples of type 3 reactions

A

Reynauds
Systemic lupus

33
Q

What are classic symptoms of systemic lupus

A

Malar rash
Oral ulcers
Pericarditis
Pleurisy
Lupus nephritis
Heme disorders

34
Q

What do antibody-antigen complexes have an affinity for

A

Glomerular basement membrane
Choroid plexus
Heart
Spleen
Lung
GI tracts
Skin

35
Q

What are common type 4 reactions

A

Hashimoto
Type I DM
Poison Ivy
Graft rejection

36
Q

What happens during a blood transfusion if patient receives uncrossed blood w/antibodies

A

The antibodies will bind to their own RBC antigens and host erythrocytes will agglutinate

37
Q

What type of response occurs in blood transfusion reactions

A

IgM-> the circulating antibodies will already be present against other AB antigens

38
Q

What is scleroderma

A

Excessive fibrosis tissue with multiple antibodies and obliterating vascular disease

39
Q

What can cause scleroderma

A

Genetic predisposition (epigenetic trigger)
Immune response
Th cells and cytokines increase fibroblast activity

40
Q

What type of scleroderma is most common

A

Systemic

41
Q

What happens to a person with scleroderma

A

The connective tissue of skin and organs are attacked, causing ischemia and occlusion

42
Q

What happens when scleroderma lesions become sclerotic

A

Difficulty opening mouth
Sclerosis of kidneys/GI tract/ lungs

43
Q

What is X-linked agammaglobinemia

A

X-linked recessive disease
B-cells are unable to mature appropriately

44
Q

What happens if B-cells can’t mature correctly

A

No follicles in spleen/lymph nodes/ plasma

45
Q

What is a common variable immonodificiency

A

Most common diagnosed immunodeficiency

Poor antibody response (heterogenous presentation)

46
Q

What mediated response occurs in common variable immunodeficiency

A

IgG and other Ig levels along with T-Cell defects

47
Q

How are common variable immunodeficiency reactions aquired

A

*can be genetic
From recurrent infections (often respiratory)
Chronic inflammation or from autoimmune disorders

48
Q

What is IgA deficiency

A

Normal IgG and IgM but lack of IgA

Weakened mucosal defenses (sinopulmonary and GI infections)

49
Q

What is IgA deficiency associated with

A

Other autoimmune diseases

50
Q

What is hyper IgM syndrome

A

Low levels of IgG, IgA, IgE

X-linked with defective B-cells

51
Q

What happens in hyper IgM syndrome

A

CD4 Th cells cannot bind and therefore cannot activate B-cells

Lack of communication causes no cell mediated response to trigger the humoral response-> decreases macrophage response and causes increased risk of unchecked intercellular infections

52
Q

What is another name for thymic hypoplasia

A

DiGeorge syndrome

53
Q

What is thymic hypoplasia

A

In appropriate thymus development

54
Q

What is associated with thymic hypoplasia

A

Hypocalcemia, tetany, parathyroid hypoplasia

55
Q

What physical defects are seen with DiGeorge syndrome

A

Midline facial defects and aortic arch abnormalities

56
Q

What happens cellularly with DiGeorge syndrome

A

Decreased T-Cells (B-Cells are normal)

57
Q

What is the function of IgA antibodies

A

First line of defense for microbes entering the body

Found in mucous membranes of lung and GI tract

58
Q

IgD function

A

On surface of mature B cells for antigen recognition

59
Q

IgE function

A

Binds to mast cells and subsequently the antigen causing a release of Mast cell party packs = allergy symptoms

60
Q

IgG function

A

Major antibody in the blood

Promotes target cell lysis& phagocytosis

Helps neonatal immunity

61
Q

IgM function

A

First antibody class produce to respond to antigen

Lives on mature B cell surface to act as antigen receptor

CABS 1 Test (3 decks)

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