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PATHOLOGY > INFECTIOUS DISEASES PT2 > Flashcards

INFECTIOUS DISEASES PT2 Flashcards

1
Q

Infections associated with medical devices/procedures

A

central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated UTIs, surgical site infections, ventilator-associated pneumonias

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2
Q

Hepatitis A virus

A

acquisition: oral-fecal
tropism: liver
symptoms/disease: Hep A

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3
Q

Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C

A

acquisition: blood
tropism: liver
symptoms/disease: acute/chronic hepatitis

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4
Q

Measles

A

acquisition: respiratory
tropism: respiratory
symptoms/disease: fever, rash, pneumonia

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5
Q

Poliovirus

A

acquisition: fecal-oral, saliva
tropism: CNS
symptoms/disease: motor paralysis

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6
Q

Pathogens transmitted in skin lesions

A

S. aureus, dermatophyte fungi (agents of ringworm)

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7
Q

Pathogens transmitted in respiratory secretions, aerosols or droplets

A

Measles, M. tuberculosis, VZV, influenza, SARS-2

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8
Q

Pathogens transmitted in feces

A

Hepatitis A, salmonella, norovirus, protozoans (Giardia species), helminth eggs and larvae

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9
Q

Pathogens transmitted in blood

A

HIV, Hep B, Hep C, Plasmodium species (malaria via mosquitos)

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10
Q

Pathogens transmitted in placental-fetal secretions

A

Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), HSV, HIV

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11
Q

Pathogens transmitted in the birth canal

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV, Group B streptococcus

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12
Q

Pathogens transmitted in breast milk

A

cytomegalovirus, Hep B

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13
Q

Pathogens transmitted in zoonotic infections (infections from animals to humans)

A

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis), Toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii), brucellosis (brucella species), lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi)

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14
Q

Herpes simplex virus: alpha

A

sub-family of HSV that has a tropism for the nervous system
- has SHORT reproductive cycle (~18 hrs)
- efficient cell destruction
- variable sites of infection
- examples: HHV1–> mucocutaneous lesions, meningitis, encephalitis, HHV2 –> mucocutaneous genital lesions, VZV (HHV3) –> chickenpox & shingles

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15
Q

Herpes simplex virus: beta (BETA=BIG)

A

HHV subtype that has tropism for lymphoid tissue and immune organs
- has more RESTRICTED infection sites –> secretory glands, kidney,
- has LONG reproductive cycle (days)
- infected cells become enlarged
- examples: human CMV (HHV5) –> infectious mono-like syndromes & post-transplant infections, HHV 6&7 –> mild early childhood roseola & serious immunocompromising condition (ie meningoencephalitis)

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16
Q

Herpes simplex virus: gamma

A

HHV subtype with tropism specific for T or B lymphocytes (lymphotropic)
- examples: Epstein-Barr (HHV4) –> infectious mono & can serve as a cofactor for some human cancers, Kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV8)–> used as cofactor for KS (uncommon until advent of AIDS), Simian Herpes B virus–> zoonotic disease transmitted by rhesus monkeys

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17
Q

HSV encephalitis

A

hemorrhagic necrosis often occurs when HSV enters CNS

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18
Q

HSV primary and recurrent infection

A

transmitted via skin lesions or infected mucocutaneous tissue
- has DIRECT cytopathic effects (cell lysis in the form of skin lesions)
- virus makes its way to the neuronal axons and then travels in retrograde manner back to the neuronal ganglia where it remains dormant until triggered
- latent episomal viral DNA is maintained in the nuclei of host cells

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19
Q

VZV (HHV 3)

A

virus transmitted via respiratory droplets upon initial exposure; initial exposure mediated by T cells to produce primary skin infection, and then virus travels retrograde fashion along neuronal axons to dorsal root ganglion to establish latency until future trigger elicits shingles-like response
- future stimulation of a single nerve ending will induce virus to travel anterogradely from ganglion along nerve tract of a single dermatome where localized rash will be produced

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20
Q

Chicken pox (acute HHV3)

A

transmitted via respiratory droplets
- HIGHLY contagious
- characteristics: generalized, crusted, vesicular rash that typically starts on the trunk then spreads to face and limbs

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21
Q

Shingles (latent HHV3)

A

exacerbation of previous HHV3 infection that results in localized rash along a single dermatome
- after virus becomes latent in the dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia, is reactivated and spreads along the affected nerve endings/tracts

22
Q

What cells does HIV have tropism for?

A

resting CD4 T- cells
- gp120 (membrane protein) of HIV binds CD4 receptor and this interaction stimulates HIV invasion of the immune cell, where it can now hijack host machinery to replicate and cause further infection
- has HIGH mutation rate within the host –> AIDS
- induces antiviral immune response: induces cytotoxic T cell attack on CD4 cells
- DIRECTLY infects T cells

23
Q

What cells does SARS-2 spike protein have tropism for?

A

host ACE-2 cells
- SARS-2 spike protein binds to receptors of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in the GI and respiratory tract and this interaction induces invasion of the host cell by SARS-2 where it replicates viral DNA

24
Q

What cells does Epstein-Barr (EBV) have tropism for?

A

memory B- lymphocytes
- bind lymphocytes and that receptor-mediated interaction induces host cell transformation leading to leukemias
- causes disease by expressing MHC homologues recognized by T cells

25
What cells does HPV have tropism for?
squamous epithelium - binds squamous cells lining the cervix and that interaction induces host cell transformation leading most of the time to warts, sometimes causes cervical cancers
26
viral persistence
ability of virus to sustain long-term maintenance of its viral genome by selecting a subset of cells suitable for it - concept of sanctuary sites that evade normal immune surveillance
27
How does E. coli enter the cell?
E. coli pilus protein has preference for adherence uroepithelium - UTI as common manifestation
28
How does M. tuberculosis enter the cell?
C3b opsonization and phagocytosis by macrophages - bacterium covers itself in complement and gets engulfed by macrophage to gain entry into the cell, where it can evade lysosomal destruction and cause infection - blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages
29
How does Listeria monocytogenes enter the cell?
after phagocytized, Listeria breaks free of its vesicle and into the phagosome's cytoplasm, where it continues to evade host defenses and cause infection
30
endotoxin
toxic components of organism's cell wall - binds to macrophage receptor triggering cytokine storm/inflammatory response - examples: LPS
31
exotoxins
toxic enzymes that are made and secreted by bacteria to cause wide range of damaging effects to host cell - alter host cell components --> physical and physiological injury
32
Neurotoxins
toxic enzymes that target the nervous system - examples: clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani
33
Enterotoxins
toxic enzymes that target intestines - examples: staphylococcus aureus, clostridium difficile, E. coli
34
superantigens
toxins that activate T cells - examples: streptococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep)
35
S. pyogenes
bacterium responsible for Group A strep - if spreads anywhere other than throat, can be severe/fatal
36
enzymatic toxins
host cell tissue proteases to break down tissues and cell machinery of infected cell - examples: streptococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens
37
binary toxins
toxins that require two components to form and release active toxin from cell - examples: bacillus anthracis, Vibrio cholerae, corynebacterium diphtheriae
38
influenza virus
virus that replicates via genetic reassortment, which is harder to target for therapeutics since its a combo of different viral DNA strains
39
Serotypes
the variations a bacteria can have that makes it more infectious - everyone continually gets them because so many forms of the pathogen exist
40
rhinovirus
non-enveloped virus with many serotypes, making it very resistant to the environment - responsible for the common cold --> everyone gets them
41
streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
virus that continues replicating while infecting the host cell - has a THICK capsule that makes it harder to phagocytize - another strain develops as you try to target the current infectious one - responsible for pneumonia and meningitis
42
CMV
HHV5 that causes disease by expressing MHC homologues
43
antimicrobials
substances used to prevent and treat infections - include antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, etc - supplement the immune system in fighting pathogen, but also may disrupt normal flora - can lead to drug resistance
44
P. falciparum
intraerythrocytic parasite that causes malaria - treatment: Artemisinin, which has lead to lower availability and increased drug resistance
45
suppurative (purulent) inflammation
pus (neutrophils + necrotic tissue) - examples: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Neisseria gonorrhea
46
Granulomatous inflammation
mononuclear inflammation (mostly monocytes/macrophages) and giant cells - can have areas of caseating necrosis - examples: M. tuberculosis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Schistosoma (a helminth species)
47
Cytopathic agents
organisms that cause physical damage to cells - examples: Herpesvirus (causes lesions, breaking skin cells), Hep B (infects and kills liver cells--> constant inflamm response in chronic conditions)
48
Cytoproliferative agents
organisms that promote proliferation of cells - examples: HPV (--> proliferation of abnormal cervical epithelial cells, warts on skin), Molluscum contagiosum (--> bumps on skin)
49
Pathogens that cause necrosis
S. aureus, clostridium perfringens, S. pyogenes, Vibrio vulnificus (marine environmental pathogen to which we are incidental hosts)
50

PATHOLOGY (10 decks)

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