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INFECTIOUS DISEASES PT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

commensal microbes

A

microbes of NORMAL flora that live in or on the body that become agents of ENDOGENOUS infection when homeostasis is disrupted
- humans have a symbiotic relationship with commensal microbes

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2
Q

Examples of commensal microbes

A

streptococcus in the upper respiratory tract, lactobacilli in the GI tract, staphylococcus and candida yeast of the skin

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3
Q

environmental microbes

A

microbes of organisms outside the body that become agents of EXOGENOUS colonization and/or infection
- more broad

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4
Q

examples environmental microbes

A

vibrio in raw oysters in warm climates, aspergillus moulds, protozoan and helminth parasites

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5
Q

obligate microbes

A

microbes that ALWAYS cause clinical disease regardless of the host’s immune defenses
*caveat- immune status and genetic factors still affect extent of disease and clinical presentation

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6
Q

examples of obligate microbes

A

bacillus anthracis (cause Anthrax) and influenza

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7
Q

opportunistic microbes

A

microbes that rely on the changes of host immune defenses to manifest disease
*caveat- immune status and genetic factors still affect extent of disease and clinical presentation

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8
Q

examples of opportunistic microbes

A

staphylococcus (staph infections) and candida (yeast infections)

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9
Q

Factors that disturb normal flora microbiomes

A

antimicrobial exposure, mucosal pH changes, surgery, trauma, immune deficiency, etc

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10
Q

C-diff (Clostridiodes difficile)

A

antibiotic-associated disruption of the intestinal microbiome that enables colonization by opportunistic toxigenic strains
- cytotoxins inflame and destroy GI mucosa
- has significant morbidity and mortality rates with high transmission rates and persistence

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11
Q

Treatment for c-diff

A

antibiotics that gives normal microbiome the opportunity to grow

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12
Q

examples of foodborne infections

A

listeria monocytogenes and e.Coli

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13
Q

Listeriosis

A

foodborne illness that primarily affect pregnant women, newborns, the elderly and other immunocompromised populations
- common sources are deli meats, sprouts, hot dogs, smoked seafood, unpasteurized dairy and soft cheeses
- 1600 cases and 260 deaths per year
- often leads to meningitis

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14
Q

endemic

A

steady state of disease in a population
- disease that exists amongst a population that is “under control”
- i.e malaria, syphilis, tuberculosis

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15
Q

outbreak

A

occurs when case numbers of a disease exceed usual expectation for a defined community. region or season
- can be due to a known or new infectious agent

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16
Q

epidemic

A

occurs when a disease spreads rapidly and deaths exceeds the steady state
- examples: influenza, SARS (2003), ebola in West Africa (2014-2016)

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17
Q

pandemic

A

a global epidemic that has worldwide impacts and disrupts societies on a large scale
- examples: HIV/AIDS, influenza (1918, 1957, 1968, 2009), COVID-19

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18
Q

bioterrorism

A

the use of infectious agents as weapons
- examples: bacillus anthracis (anthrax), yersinia pestis (plague)

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19
Q

smallpox

A

disease that decimated the Native American populations from the 15th-17th centuries, with 300-500 million deaths in the 20th century (30% mortality)
- caused by the variola virus in which humans are the only reservoir
- once all humans vaccinated and free from disease the disease is eradicated
- eradicated in 1978 by widespread vaccination, but now means the whole world is now susceptible
- some strains are contained in labs which leaves potential for bioterrorism

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20
Q

Factors contributing to new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases

A

new strains, opportunistic infections, changing demographics/niches, biothreat agents

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21
Q

Propagation site for prions

A

intracellular

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22
Q

Propagation site for viruses

A

obligate intracellular

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23
Q

Propagation site for bacteria

A

obligate intracellular, extracellular and facultative intracellular

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24
Q

Propagation site for protozoa

A

extracellular, facultative intracellular, obligate intracellular

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25
Propagation site for fungi
extracellular, facultative intracellular, obligate intracellular
26
Propagation site for helminths
extracellular, intracellular
27
Viruses
obligate intracellular as they need host genome machinery to manifest the disease - has a nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA ss or ds) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
28
Enveloped viruses
virus with a lipid membrane that is more sensitive to the environment and easier to destroy
29
Non-enveloped viruses
virus without a lipid membrane that are more resistant to environmental stress, last longer on surfaces and are harder to disinfect
30
Viral diversity
the characteristic of viruses which their route of transmission is not always intuitive as the virus can have a preference on where to infect despite route
31
Tropism
the preferential site of infection
32
Influenza
an enveloped, (-) ss-RNA orthomyxovirus with a segmented genome
33
segmented genome
genetic material is broken into segments instead of being a continuous strand, allowing them to exchange genetic information with each other
34
Hemagglutinin
glycoprotein of the envelope that allows virus to attach and enter host cell
35
Neuraminidase
glycoprotein of the envelope that allows virus to exit host cell
36
Influenza B
strictly human transmissible strain of influenza
37
antigenic shift
occurs when two strains of a virus infect the same host and exchange genetic information with each other, making a recombinant virus that can spread to other people
38
antigenic drift
refers to the small mutations a virus can undergo that gradually help the virus evade host immune defenses over time
39
Which strain of influenza undergoes antigenic shift?
influenza A (H1N1), the most transmissible version of the virus
40
Rise in yearly measles cases
due to changing demographics and human behavior contribute to the rise of certain disease like not getting vaccinated
41
Prion
misfolded proteins that become abnormal and protease-resistance agent of infection for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies - Prp accumulation leads to neuronal damage and spongiform pathology of the brain - also encourages other proteins to misfold as well, making the disease rapid and fatal
42
Frequent transmission route of prion diseases
Oral route
43
Histopathology of spongiform encephalopathy
holes in brain matter, presence of plaques
44
Prokaryote
most have a cell membrane and cell wall, lacking nucleus and organelles
45
Bacteria
prokaryote, most of which synthesize their own nucleic acids but require a host for survival - exist as intra/extracellular, (an)aerobic, (non)motile
46
Gram + cell bacteria
bacteria with a THICK peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall, for which is used to target bacteria for antibiotics - appears purple in gram staining
47
Gram - cell bacteria
bacteria with a THIN peptidoglycan layer, AND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its cell wall, for which is used to target bacteria for antibiotics - appears pink in gram staining
48
Lipopolysaccharide
molecule found in gram - bacteria that is an endotoxin because it can cause a large inflammatory response in humans and animals
49
Tuberculosis
a mycobacterial infection of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
50
Fungi
eukaryotic organisms with a broad spectrum of infection from superficial to disseminated - have a cell membrane and a cell wall - have adapted for asexual reproduction via spores cells - examples: candida albicans (thrush), pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumonia)
51
Transmission route of fungi
inhalation of moulds spores predominantly - also transmitted from trauma and direct contact
52
Histological characteristics of fungi
blood vessel invasion of fungal hyphae, long branching filaments that are the mode of growth for fungi
53
Yeast
single-celled fungal organism that reproduce by asexual budding - examples: candida albicans (thrush)
54
Asexual budding
asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from an outgrowth the parent organism
55
Histological characteristics of yeast
presence of budding yeast
56
Moulds
fungal organism that grows as elongated cells (hyphae) - requires positive ID of spores and hyphae to confirm - examples: aspergillus fumigatus
57
Histological characteristics of moulds
elongated, fuzzy-looking hyphae and spores
58
Aspergillosis
fungal infection of the lungs cause by pathogen aspergillus fumigatus that has consequences of severe damage to lungs and bloodstream
59
Protozoan parasites
UNIcellular, parasitic eukaryotic organisms
60
Plasmodium vivax
protozoan, intraerythrocytic parasite that is the agent of malaria transmitted by mosquito bites - HISTO: invasions/inclusions of the RBC in blood smear
61
Giardia intestinalis
protozoan intestinal parasite that is the agent of giardiasis transmitted via oral-fecal route and ingestion of contaminated water - can take months to clear - HISTO: red/blue staining cells with inclusions identified in a stool specimen
62
Trophozoite
the active feeding stage of protozoan parasites where they obtain nutrients and reproduce
63
Helminth parasites
highly differentiated, MULTI-cellular eukaryotic organisms that go through multiple complex life cycles - transmitted by eggs and larvae found in contaminated soil, plants, food and water - sometimes transmitted by puncture of the skin (percutaneous inoculation)
64
Filariasis
helminthic infection of microfilarial larvae of specific roundworm species
65
Subcutaneous filariasis
infection of roundworms that can live in any tissue under the skin and is transmitted by Chrysops flies (Loa loa) - examples pathogens: Loa loa, Mansonella, Onchocerca volvulus - HISTO: blue-staining worm
66
Lymphatic filariasis
infection of the lymphatic system where roundworms block the lymphatics, leading to increased fluid retention and swelling of body parts (elephantiasis) - transmitted by black fly and mosquitos - example pathogens: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori - HISTO: pink worms inside lymphatic vessels
67
Strongyloides stercoralis
a roundworm helminthic parasitic pathogen - HISTO: purple worm

PATHOLOGY (10 decks)

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