Infectious Diseases of the Dog Flashcards
1
Q
What gram is Salmonella
A
Gram (-)
2
Q
How is Salmonella transmitted?
A
contaminated water and food, especially if uncooked or unprocessed
3
Q
What are the CSs of Salmonella?
A
None to mild to severe gastroenteritis; V/D+
4
Q
How do you Dx Salmonella?
A
Fecal!
5
Q
How do you tx Salmonella?
A
Mild CSs - no tx
Severe - isolation, fluid tx, chloramphenicol, TMS, amoxicillin
6
Q
What gram is Campylobacter?
A
Gram (-), Gull-winged shaped
7
Q
What kind of D+ does campylobacter result in?
A
Large bowel d+: mucous, hematochezia, increased frequency
8
Q
How do you dx campylobacter?
A
Fecal - microscopic exam! (you can also culture and PCR)
9
Q
How do you tx campylobacter?
A
Macrolides! erythomycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins,
but also probably supportive tx
10
Q
What type of gram is helicobacter?
A
Gram (-)
11
Q
What should you automatically associate helicobacter with?
A
Gastric ulcers!!! and urease…that’s what causes the ulcers…
12
Q
What are the CSs of helicobacter?
A
chronic v/d+, weight loss, emaciation,
Small intestine d+ (large amount 2-3x/day)
13
Q
How do you dx helicobacter?
A
gastric biopsies, PCR
14
Q
How do you tx helicobacter?
A
Triple tx! 2 abx + antiacid
amoxicillin + metro + omeprazole
15
Q
What gram is brucella?
A
Gram (-)
16
Q
Does brucella affect cats?
A
NO!!! Only affects dogs
17
Q
How is brucella transmitted?
A
aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possible orally or conjunctivally
18
Q
Where are the highest concentrations of brucella found?
A
in vaginal discharges and semen
19
Q
What are the main CSs of brucella?
A
generalized lymphadenopathy, discospondylitis, anterior uveitis, enlarged scrotum, testicular atrophy, abortion,
20
Q
What are the ways to dx brucella?
A
serology: RSAT or TAT –> then confirm with AGID, ELISA, PCR, or culture
21
Q
How do you tx brucella?
A
neuter, multi-abx tx (aminoglycosides, doxy, quinolones). Long tx - 4w and then retest 6-9m after tx.
22
Q
Is brucella zoonotic?
A
YES
23
Q
What type of bacteria is actinomyces and nocardia?
A
gram (+)
24
Q
What is actinomyces associated with?
A
foreign bodies, anaerobic infections, bite wounds
25
What is nocardia associated with?
wounds and pyothorax
26
What is the main CS of nocardia?
draining tracts/wounds with YELLOW granules
27
How do you dx nocardia or actinomyces?
cytology and culture. IT IS SLOW GROWING 10+ days!!!!
28
How do you tx nocardia?
sx drainage and debridement
| TMS abx tx for 6w
29
How do you tx actinomyces?
sx drainage and debridement
| Penicillins abx tx for 4w past clinical resolve
30
What is borrelia burgdorferi?
Lyme Disease!!!!
31
What type of gram is lyme disease?
Gram (-)
32
How is lyme disease spread?
ticks! Ixodes spp.
33
When does the host become infected with lyme disease?
Once the tick engorges (48 hours post attachment).
34
Is lyme disease zoonotic?
YES
35
What does Outer Surface protein A do?
Help bacT adhere to the midgut of infected ticks
36
what does Outer Surface protein C do?
With warmth of gut environment, skin surface temperature of the host
37
Do you need all 3 outersurface proteins for lyme disease to happen?
Yes! C needs to be made in order for A to happen inside the tick
38
Can borrelia spp change morphology to survive?
Yes. Can morph from a spiral/corkscrew to a spherical/cystic form to survive!
39
Where are you probably going to find this bacteria?
joints! (primarily extracellularly)
40
What percentage of infected patients will show CSs of lyme disease?
5-10%
41
What are the typical CS of lyme disease?
red skin lesion for 1st week (then disappears), fever and lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, meningitis, RENAL DISEASE (protein losing glomerulopathy)
42
Is there a pathognomonic test for lyme disease?
NO! You test based on known tick exposure, etc
43
Which antibody test are you going to do for lyme disease?
C6 antibody test
44
Who do you treat regarding lyme disease?
Test (+) on C6 snap test + CS = Treat
| Test (+) but no CS = tx not recommended
45
When do you do a UPC?
If any lyme disease test is positive, you should always test for proteinuria. If UPC is elevated, then treat
46
What empirical abx are you going to rx for lyme disease?
Primarily doxy for 30 days
47
If the dog is sero(+) for lyme disease but doesn't show CS, do you treat?
Nope!
48
How do you prevent lyme disease?
Vector control
| Vx: Osp-A and whole cell vax available
49
What is the vax schedule for lyme disease?
12w, 16w, and then annual
50
What gram is leptospirosis?
Gram (-)
51
How is lepto transmitted?
indirect: contaminated water sources, soil, and food
Direct: infected urine, venereal/placental transfer, bite wounds, ingestion of infected tissue
52
What environmental conditions does lepto like?
neutral or slightly alkaline pH, higher pH urine, and ambient temperatures
53
What does lepto NOT like?
freezing, dehydration, exposure to UV lights
54
How is lepto pathogenically transmitted?
mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin
55
How long is the lepto incubation period?
3-7d
56
Where does lepto spread to?
kidney, spleen, CNS, eyes, and genital tract
57
What cell line does lepto attach to?
endothelial cells
58
What are common lepto CSs?
Signs: fever, petechiae, V+ blood, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis, oliguria/anuria
59
How do you dx lepto?
1st. serology: MAT
| 2nd: PCR to confirm dx
60
how do you tx lepto?
supportive care, diuresis for acute renal failure, abx: doxy
61
Does the lepto vx prevent a carrier state?
NO!
62
What gram is clostridium?
Gram (+)
63
What is the primary CS you'll see with clostridium?
FLACCID paralysis
| absent spinal reflexes, decreased esophageal tone
64
How do you treat clostridium?
antitoxin is not useful (doesn't contain specific type C)
| Use abx: metro or penicillin
65
What gram is tetanus?
Gram (+)
66
What is the toxin that you see the most with tetanus?
tetanospasmin: it causes neurological dysfunction by inhibiting motor neurons
67
What are the CSs of tetanus?
ears drawn back, sardonic grin, trismus/lock jaw, hypersalivation, dypshagia, stiff/rigid gait, spastic paralysis
68
How do you treat tetanus?
toxin wears off over 3-4w, supportive care!!!!, antitoxin IM (Type C); abx: metro, pen-G; sedatives; muscle relaxants; atropine/glyco +/-
69
how is Mycoplasma hemocanis transmitted?
brown tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) and a splenectomy is required before signs develop
70
What gram type is bartonellosis?
Gram (-)
71
How can you get bartonella?
likely get it from dog bites, fleas, and cat scratches
72
How do you dx bartonella?
PCR, blood culture
73
How do you treat bartonella
Doxycycline+enroflox 4-6w
74
Erlichia infects what cells?
monocytes and monocytes in phagocytic tissues (spleen, liver, lnn)
75
What does anaplasma infect?
a. equi/weingii - neutrophils (and you see lameness, joint swelling, pain)
a. platys - platelets
76
Dermacentor variatilis (dog tick) - can you dx anything on bloodsmear?
Nope! Have to do it by PCR, antibody count, skin biopsy
77
What are the CSs of rickettsial things?
systemic! petechia/bleeding, lameness, GI signs, CNS signs, dyspnea, liver/renal dz
78
How do you dx rickettsial dzsz?
CBC, chem, U/A
79
How do you tx rickettsial dzsz?
doxycycline 10-21d.
| Prevent with tick control
80
what type of virus is canine distemper virus?
RNA (morbillivirus of the paramyxoviridae)
81
What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus?
water droplets --> upper resp tract epithelial cells --> multiplies in tissue macrophages --> spreads to local lymphatics in tonsils and bronchial lnn.
82
What are the two types of adaptive immune systems?
Humoral - antibodies produced by B-lymphs
| Cell mediated - t-lymphs
83
CSs of canine distemper virus
bilateral serous oculonasal discharge, persisten anosmia, keratoconjunctivitis, biphasic pyrexia, HARD PAD dz, tachypnea, coughing, neuro stuff
84
How do you dx canine distemper?
Hx: 3-6m un/poor vx puppy
thoracic rads: interstitial lung pattern
PCR!!!! Serum Ab testing!!!!
85
Good or poor prognosis for distemper?
Poor!
86
What is the best prevention vx?
MLV (modified live vaccine). Vx schedule: 6, 9, 12, 16w. 1y booster then every 3 years
87
What type of infectious canine hepatitis affects our patients?
Canine adenovirus type 1
88
Is CAV-1 susceptible to environmental inactivation?
NOPE! It is highly resistant!
89
What is the pathogenesis of CAV-1?
oronasal exposure --> multiplication in tonsils --> regional lnn --> lymphatics --> blood (thoracic duct)
90
What are the tissues that are targeted by CAV-1?
liver, endothelium, and brain
91
What patients does CAV-1 affect?
canines less than 1 year old and/or unvaccinated dogs
92
What are the acute stage CSs of CAV-1?
pyrexia, tonsillar enlargement, lymphadenopathy, hemorrhagic diathesis, widespread bleeding
93
When do dogs die from CAV-1?
most dogs become moribound and die a few hours after onset of signs
94
How do you dx CAV-1?
CBC, Chem, coag panel, UA
| Serology: very high titers after infection
95
How do you tx CAV-1?
supportive: glucose!!!!!, abx, blood products
96
How do you prevent CAV-1?
A MLV for CAV-2 with at least 2 doses 3-4w apart
97
Why do patients die from CAV-1?
severe hyperglycemia
98
Is the canine coronavirus contagious?
Yes! highly contagious and not species specific
99
Who is the most susceptible to the coronavirus?
neonates
100
What does the enteric coronavirus effect?
the gut
101
What does the pantropic coronavirus affect?
virulent, systemic disease
102
What are the CSs of enteric coronavirus
subclinical to d+ (ORANGE!), loss of appetite and lethargy
103
What are the CSs of pantropic coronavirus?
lethargy, anorexia, v/d+, neuro, resp difficulty
104
How do you dx corona virus?
EM of feces, Fecal PCR, ELISA,
105
How do you tx coronavirus?
supportive care
106
How do you prevent coronavirus?
MLV, 2 doses 3-4w apart then annually
107
There are two parvoviruses, which one do we care about?
CPV-2!
108
What kind of virus is CPV-2?
small, non-enveloped DNA virus
109
What type of cells does CPV-2 require?
rapidly dividing cells!
110
How long is the incubation period for CPV-2?
1-5d (VERY SHORT)
111
What are the CSs for parvo?
v/d+ (yellow, hemorrhagic), anorexic, severe dehydration (death around 2 days w/o treatment)
112
How do you dx parvo?
Fecal PCR, EM of feces
113
How do you tx parvo?
fluid tx (colloids), antiemetic agents, antibx (broad spectrum), GI protectants, whole blood/plasma, FOOD!!!!
114
How do you prevent parvo?
MLV (this is far superior to the inactivated vx)
115
How long does parvo last in the environment?
>5months
116
What does canine rotavirus affect?
<12w old puppies
117
put these in order of severity: corona, rotavirus, parvo
Parvo > corona > rota
118
How does the canine herpes virus cause infection?
It is cytocidal. It causes tissue necrosis and localized mucosal or generalized infections in young or immunocompromised animals
119
How do puppies get infected with herpes?
in utero from passage through birth canal, contact with littermates, oronasal secretions from dam or fomites
120
what happens if a puppy gets infected <1w old?
it dies from generalized infection
121
what happens if a puppy gets infected >2 w old?
mild/unapparent infection
122
What are the CSs in older dogs of herpes?
mild URI, genital infections, petechiae
123
What are the CSs in neonates of herpes?
acute death, dull/depressed, petechia, weight loss
124
How do you dx herpes?
PCR > serology > viral isolation
125
How do you tx herpes?
Vx
126
What type of virus is rabies?
lyssavirus, enveloped RNA and is bullet shaped
127
How is rabies transmitted?
bite from an infected animal, the virus is carried in saliva
128
What is the pathogenesis of rabies?
virus enters peripheral nerve and ascends through the sensory or motor fiber
129
What type of paralysis results
ascending flaccid paralysis
130
What phases are involved in rabies?
Prodromal phase, furious/psychotic, paralytic/dump
131
What does the prodromal phase look like?
apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude
variable fever
personality change
132
What does the furious/psychotic phase look like?
bite at objects, photophobic, hyperesthetic, restless/roam
133
What does the paralytic/dump phase look like?
cranial nerve paralysis, inability to swallow, hypersalivation, coma/death
134
What's weird about cats and rabies?
Cats sometimes get the paralytic form straight after prodromal phase
135
How do you dx rabies?
FA testing, saliva testing, PCR, path.
136
Is there any tx?
nope
137
How do you prevent rabies?
Killed vaccines (or nucleic acid vx), 16w, then 1 year, then every 1-3years
138
if exposed and unvaccinated, what happens?
euth
139
If exposed and not current vx?
evaluate
140
if exposed and current vx?
revaccinate and monitor for 45d
141
What kind of virus is pseudorabies
DNA virus
142
How does pseudorabies spread?
contaminated pork products
143
Is pseudorabies always fatal?
Yes
144
What are the main CSs of pseudorabies?
self mutilation, change in behavior, violently shake head
145
How do you dx pseudorabies?
CSF, path, PCR
146
Can you tx pseudorabies?
No
147
What is cryptosporidium?
ubiquitous coccidian of many species
148
How is crypto spread?
fecal-oral route
149
How does a trophozoite proliferate?
asexually
150
What are the CSs for crypto?
Small intestine d+ (high volume, low frequency), weight loss, abdominal discomfort
151
How do you dx crypto?
fecal exam, fecal antigen detection by ELISA, PCR
152
How do you tx crypto?
nitazoxanide, azithromycin. AIDS helped to re-emerge
153
What are the CSs of coccidiosis
D+, anorexia, v+, depression
154
How is coccidia dx?
fecal exam
155
How do you tx coccidia?
with STATICs not cidals. Sulfonamides, amprolium, toltrazuril
156
Giardia is what kind of parasite?
protozoal
157
What two forms does giardia have?
trophozoite (smiley face), cyst form
158
Where does giardia go in a dog?
duodenum --> ileum
159
Where does giardia go in a cat?
jejunum --> ileum
160
What are the CSs of giardia?
d+, maldigestion
161
How do you dx giardia?
fecal exam, PCR
162
How do you tx giardia?
metro, fenbendazole
163
What does neosporosis affect?
naturally occurring infection in mainly young puppies worldwide
164
What are the CSs of neosporosis?
neuro deficits, muscular abnormalities, ascending paralysis
165
How do you dx neopsorosis?
Antibody tests, PCR feces
166
How do you tx neosporosis?
TMS or clindamycin
167
What is the reservoir host for leishmaniosis?
dogs
168
How is leishmaniosis spread?
sand fly
169
How does leishmaniosis travel in the body?
through hemolymph regions
170
What are the CSs of leishmaniosis?
exercise intolerance, weight loss, skin lesions
171
Is leishmaniosis a reportable disease?
Yes! to the CDC
172
How do you dx leishmaniosis?
PCR
173
How do you tx leishmaniosis?
Its hard!! it's super resistant.
174
What type of protozoa is babeisia?
a hemoprotozoan parasite that infects RBCs
175
What are CSs for large babesia spp?
sublinical dz: hemolytic A+, thrombocytopenia
176
How do you tx large babesia spp.?
imidocarb (imizol)
177
What are CSs for small babesia spp?
hemolytic A+, thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, fever
178
How do you tx small babesia spp.?
combods of clindamycin, diminazene, imidocarb
179
How do you dx babesia?
Blood smear, PCR
