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SAM I again > Infectious Diseases of the Dog > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases of the Dog Flashcards

1
Q

What gram is Salmonella

A

Gram (-)

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2
Q

How is Salmonella transmitted?

A

contaminated water and food, especially if uncooked or unprocessed

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3
Q

What are the CSs of Salmonella?

A

None to mild to severe gastroenteritis; V/D+

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4
Q

How do you Dx Salmonella?

A

Fecal!

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5
Q

How do you tx Salmonella?

A

Mild CSs - no tx

Severe - isolation, fluid tx, chloramphenicol, TMS, amoxicillin

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6
Q

What gram is Campylobacter?

A

Gram (-), Gull-winged shaped

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7
Q

What kind of D+ does campylobacter result in?

A

Large bowel d+: mucous, hematochezia, increased frequency

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8
Q

How do you dx campylobacter?

A

Fecal - microscopic exam! (you can also culture and PCR)

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9
Q

How do you tx campylobacter?

A

Macrolides! erythomycin, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins,

but also probably supportive tx

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10
Q

What type of gram is helicobacter?

A

Gram (-)

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11
Q

What should you automatically associate helicobacter with?

A

Gastric ulcers!!! and urease…that’s what causes the ulcers…

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12
Q

What are the CSs of helicobacter?

A

chronic v/d+, weight loss, emaciation,

Small intestine d+ (large amount 2-3x/day)

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13
Q

How do you dx helicobacter?

A

gastric biopsies, PCR

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14
Q

How do you tx helicobacter?

A

Triple tx! 2 abx + antiacid

amoxicillin + metro + omeprazole

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15
Q

What gram is brucella?

A

Gram (-)

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16
Q

Does brucella affect cats?

A

NO!!! Only affects dogs

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17
Q

How is brucella transmitted?

A

aborted fetal material, semen, urine, milk, possible orally or conjunctivally

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18
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of brucella found?

A

in vaginal discharges and semen

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19
Q

What are the main CSs of brucella?

A

generalized lymphadenopathy, discospondylitis, anterior uveitis, enlarged scrotum, testicular atrophy, abortion,

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20
Q

What are the ways to dx brucella?

A

serology: RSAT or TAT –> then confirm with AGID, ELISA, PCR, or culture

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21
Q

How do you tx brucella?

A

neuter, multi-abx tx (aminoglycosides, doxy, quinolones). Long tx - 4w and then retest 6-9m after tx.

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22
Q

Is brucella zoonotic?

A

YES

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23
Q

What type of bacteria is actinomyces and nocardia?

A

gram (+)

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24
Q

What is actinomyces associated with?

A

foreign bodies, anaerobic infections, bite wounds

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25
Q

What is nocardia associated with?

A

wounds and pyothorax

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26
Q

What is the main CS of nocardia?

A

draining tracts/wounds with YELLOW granules

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27
Q

How do you dx nocardia or actinomyces?

A

cytology and culture. IT IS SLOW GROWING 10+ days!!!!

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28
Q

How do you tx nocardia?

A

sx drainage and debridement

TMS abx tx for 6w

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29
Q

How do you tx actinomyces?

A

sx drainage and debridement

Penicillins abx tx for 4w past clinical resolve

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30
Q

What is borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Lyme Disease!!!!

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31
Q

What type of gram is lyme disease?

A

Gram (-)

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32
Q

How is lyme disease spread?

A

ticks! Ixodes spp.

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33
Q

When does the host become infected with lyme disease?

A

Once the tick engorges (48 hours post attachment).

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34
Q

Is lyme disease zoonotic?

A

YES

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35
Q

What does Outer Surface protein A do?

A

Help bacT adhere to the midgut of infected ticks

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36
Q

what does Outer Surface protein C do?

A

With warmth of gut environment, skin surface temperature of the host

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37
Q

Do you need all 3 outersurface proteins for lyme disease to happen?

A

Yes! C needs to be made in order for A to happen inside the tick

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38
Q

Can borrelia spp change morphology to survive?

A

Yes. Can morph from a spiral/corkscrew to a spherical/cystic form to survive!

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39
Q

Where are you probably going to find this bacteria?

A

joints! (primarily extracellularly)

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40
Q

What percentage of infected patients will show CSs of lyme disease?

A

5-10%

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41
Q

What are the typical CS of lyme disease?

A

red skin lesion for 1st week (then disappears), fever and lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, meningitis, RENAL DISEASE (protein losing glomerulopathy)

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42
Q

Is there a pathognomonic test for lyme disease?

A

NO! You test based on known tick exposure, etc

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43
Q

Which antibody test are you going to do for lyme disease?

A

C6 antibody test

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44
Q

Who do you treat regarding lyme disease?

A

Test (+) on C6 snap test + CS = Treat

Test (+) but no CS = tx not recommended

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45
Q

When do you do a UPC?

A

If any lyme disease test is positive, you should always test for proteinuria. If UPC is elevated, then treat

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46
Q

What empirical abx are you going to rx for lyme disease?

A

Primarily doxy for 30 days

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47
Q

If the dog is sero(+) for lyme disease but doesn’t show CS, do you treat?

A

Nope!

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48
Q

How do you prevent lyme disease?

A

Vector control

Vx: Osp-A and whole cell vax available

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49
Q

What is the vax schedule for lyme disease?

A

12w, 16w, and then annual

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50
Q

What gram is leptospirosis?

A

Gram (-)

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51
Q

How is lepto transmitted?

A

indirect: contaminated water sources, soil, and food
Direct: infected urine, venereal/placental transfer, bite wounds, ingestion of infected tissue

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52
Q

What environmental conditions does lepto like?

A

neutral or slightly alkaline pH, higher pH urine, and ambient temperatures

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53
Q

What does lepto NOT like?

A

freezing, dehydration, exposure to UV lights

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54
Q

How is lepto pathogenically transmitted?

A

mucosal surface, orally, across placenta, through broken skin

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55
Q

How long is the lepto incubation period?

A

3-7d

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56
Q

Where does lepto spread to?

A

kidney, spleen, CNS, eyes, and genital tract

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57
Q

What cell line does lepto attach to?

A

endothelial cells

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58
Q

What are common lepto CSs?

A

Signs: fever, petechiae, V+ blood, hematochezia, melena, epistaxis, oliguria/anuria

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59
Q

How do you dx lepto?

A

1st. serology: MAT

2nd: PCR to confirm dx

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60
Q

how do you tx lepto?

A

supportive care, diuresis for acute renal failure, abx: doxy

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61
Q

Does the lepto vx prevent a carrier state?

A

NO!

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62
Q

What gram is clostridium?

A

Gram (+)

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63
Q

What is the primary CS you’ll see with clostridium?

A

FLACCID paralysis

absent spinal reflexes, decreased esophageal tone

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64
Q

How do you treat clostridium?

A

antitoxin is not useful (doesn’t contain specific type C)

Use abx: metro or penicillin

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65
Q

What gram is tetanus?

A

Gram (+)

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66
Q

What is the toxin that you see the most with tetanus?

A

tetanospasmin: it causes neurological dysfunction by inhibiting motor neurons

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67
Q

What are the CSs of tetanus?

A

ears drawn back, sardonic grin, trismus/lock jaw, hypersalivation, dypshagia, stiff/rigid gait, spastic paralysis

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68
Q

How do you treat tetanus?

A

toxin wears off over 3-4w, supportive care!!!!, antitoxin IM (Type C); abx: metro, pen-G; sedatives; muscle relaxants; atropine/glyco +/-

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69
Q

how is Mycoplasma hemocanis transmitted?

A

brown tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) and a splenectomy is required before signs develop

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70
Q

What gram type is bartonellosis?

A

Gram (-)

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71
Q

How can you get bartonella?

A

likely get it from dog bites, fleas, and cat scratches

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72
Q

How do you dx bartonella?

A

PCR, blood culture

73
Q

How do you treat bartonella

A

Doxycycline+enroflox 4-6w

74
Q

Erlichia infects what cells?

A

monocytes and monocytes in phagocytic tissues (spleen, liver, lnn)

75
Q

What does anaplasma infect?

A

a. equi/weingii - neutrophils (and you see lameness, joint swelling, pain)
a. platys - platelets

76
Q

Dermacentor variatilis (dog tick) - can you dx anything on bloodsmear?

A

Nope! Have to do it by PCR, antibody count, skin biopsy

77
Q

What are the CSs of rickettsial things?

A

systemic! petechia/bleeding, lameness, GI signs, CNS signs, dyspnea, liver/renal dz

78
Q

How do you dx rickettsial dzsz?

A

CBC, chem, U/A

79
Q

How do you tx rickettsial dzsz?

A

doxycycline 10-21d.

Prevent with tick control

80
Q

what type of virus is canine distemper virus?

A

RNA (morbillivirus of the paramyxoviridae)

81
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper virus?

A

water droplets –> upper resp tract epithelial cells –> multiplies in tissue macrophages –> spreads to local lymphatics in tonsils and bronchial lnn.

82
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune systems?

A

Humoral - antibodies produced by B-lymphs

Cell mediated - t-lymphs

83
Q

CSs of canine distemper virus

A

bilateral serous oculonasal discharge, persisten anosmia, keratoconjunctivitis, biphasic pyrexia, HARD PAD dz, tachypnea, coughing, neuro stuff

84
Q

How do you dx canine distemper?

A

Hx: 3-6m un/poor vx puppy
thoracic rads: interstitial lung pattern
PCR!!!! Serum Ab testing!!!!

85
Q

Good or poor prognosis for distemper?

A

Poor!

86
Q

What is the best prevention vx?

A

MLV (modified live vaccine). Vx schedule: 6, 9, 12, 16w. 1y booster then every 3 years

87
Q

What type of infectious canine hepatitis affects our patients?

A

Canine adenovirus type 1

88
Q

Is CAV-1 susceptible to environmental inactivation?

A

NOPE! It is highly resistant!

89
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CAV-1?

A

oronasal exposure –> multiplication in tonsils –> regional lnn –> lymphatics –> blood (thoracic duct)

90
Q

What are the tissues that are targeted by CAV-1?

A

liver, endothelium, and brain

91
Q

What patients does CAV-1 affect?

A

canines less than 1 year old and/or unvaccinated dogs

92
Q

What are the acute stage CSs of CAV-1?

A

pyrexia, tonsillar enlargement, lymphadenopathy, hemorrhagic diathesis, widespread bleeding

93
Q

When do dogs die from CAV-1?

A

most dogs become moribound and die a few hours after onset of signs

94
Q

How do you dx CAV-1?

A

CBC, Chem, coag panel, UA

Serology: very high titers after infection

95
Q

How do you tx CAV-1?

A

supportive: glucose!!!!!, abx, blood products

96
Q

How do you prevent CAV-1?

A

A MLV for CAV-2 with at least 2 doses 3-4w apart

97
Q

Why do patients die from CAV-1?

A

severe hyperglycemia

98
Q

Is the canine coronavirus contagious?

A

Yes! highly contagious and not species specific

99
Q

Who is the most susceptible to the coronavirus?

A

neonates

100
Q

What does the enteric coronavirus effect?

A

the gut

101
Q

What does the pantropic coronavirus affect?

A

virulent, systemic disease

102
Q

What are the CSs of enteric coronavirus

A

subclinical to d+ (ORANGE!), loss of appetite and lethargy

103
Q

What are the CSs of pantropic coronavirus?

A

lethargy, anorexia, v/d+, neuro, resp difficulty

104
Q

How do you dx corona virus?

A

EM of feces, Fecal PCR, ELISA,

105
Q

How do you tx coronavirus?

A

supportive care

106
Q

How do you prevent coronavirus?

A

MLV, 2 doses 3-4w apart then annually

107
Q

There are two parvoviruses, which one do we care about?

A

CPV-2!

108
Q

What kind of virus is CPV-2?

A

small, non-enveloped DNA virus

109
Q

What type of cells does CPV-2 require?

A

rapidly dividing cells!

110
Q

How long is the incubation period for CPV-2?

A

1-5d (VERY SHORT)

111
Q

What are the CSs for parvo?

A

v/d+ (yellow, hemorrhagic), anorexic, severe dehydration (death around 2 days w/o treatment)

112
Q

How do you dx parvo?

A

Fecal PCR, EM of feces

113
Q

How do you tx parvo?

A

fluid tx (colloids), antiemetic agents, antibx (broad spectrum), GI protectants, whole blood/plasma, FOOD!!!!

114
Q

How do you prevent parvo?

A

MLV (this is far superior to the inactivated vx)

115
Q

How long does parvo last in the environment?

A

> 5months

116
Q

What does canine rotavirus affect?

A

<12w old puppies

117
Q

put these in order of severity: corona, rotavirus, parvo

A

Parvo > corona > rota

118
Q

How does the canine herpes virus cause infection?

A

It is cytocidal. It causes tissue necrosis and localized mucosal or generalized infections in young or immunocompromised animals

119
Q

How do puppies get infected with herpes?

A

in utero from passage through birth canal, contact with littermates, oronasal secretions from dam or fomites

120
Q

what happens if a puppy gets infected <1w old?

A

it dies from generalized infection

121
Q

what happens if a puppy gets infected >2 w old?

A

mild/unapparent infection

122
Q

What are the CSs in older dogs of herpes?

A

mild URI, genital infections, petechiae

123
Q

What are the CSs in neonates of herpes?

A

acute death, dull/depressed, petechia, weight loss

124
Q

How do you dx herpes?

A

PCR > serology > viral isolation

125
Q

How do you tx herpes?

A

Vx

126
Q

What type of virus is rabies?

A

lyssavirus, enveloped RNA and is bullet shaped

127
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

bite from an infected animal, the virus is carried in saliva

128
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rabies?

A

virus enters peripheral nerve and ascends through the sensory or motor fiber

129
Q

What type of paralysis results

A

ascending flaccid paralysis

130
Q

What phases are involved in rabies?

A

Prodromal phase, furious/psychotic, paralytic/dump

131
Q

What does the prodromal phase look like?

A

apprehension, nervousness, anxiety, solitude
variable fever
personality change

132
Q

What does the furious/psychotic phase look like?

A

bite at objects, photophobic, hyperesthetic, restless/roam

133
Q

What does the paralytic/dump phase look like?

A

cranial nerve paralysis, inability to swallow, hypersalivation, coma/death

134
Q

What’s weird about cats and rabies?

A

Cats sometimes get the paralytic form straight after prodromal phase

135
Q

How do you dx rabies?

A

FA testing, saliva testing, PCR, path.

136
Q

Is there any tx?

A

nope

137
Q

How do you prevent rabies?

A

Killed vaccines (or nucleic acid vx), 16w, then 1 year, then every 1-3years

138
Q

if exposed and unvaccinated, what happens?

A

euth

139
Q

If exposed and not current vx?

A

evaluate

140
Q

if exposed and current vx?

A

revaccinate and monitor for 45d

141
Q

What kind of virus is pseudorabies

A

DNA virus

142
Q

How does pseudorabies spread?

A

contaminated pork products

143
Q

Is pseudorabies always fatal?

A

Yes

144
Q

What are the main CSs of pseudorabies?

A

self mutilation, change in behavior, violently shake head

145
Q

How do you dx pseudorabies?

A

CSF, path, PCR

146
Q

Can you tx pseudorabies?

A

No

147
Q

What is cryptosporidium?

A

ubiquitous coccidian of many species

148
Q

How is crypto spread?

A

fecal-oral route

149
Q

How does a trophozoite proliferate?

A

asexually

150
Q

What are the CSs for crypto?

A

Small intestine d+ (high volume, low frequency), weight loss, abdominal discomfort

151
Q

How do you dx crypto?

A

fecal exam, fecal antigen detection by ELISA, PCR

152
Q

How do you tx crypto?

A

nitazoxanide, azithromycin. AIDS helped to re-emerge

153
Q

What are the CSs of coccidiosis

A

D+, anorexia, v+, depression

154
Q

How is coccidia dx?

A

fecal exam

155
Q

How do you tx coccidia?

A

with STATICs not cidals. Sulfonamides, amprolium, toltrazuril

156
Q

Giardia is what kind of parasite?

A

protozoal

157
Q

What two forms does giardia have?

A

trophozoite (smiley face), cyst form

158
Q

Where does giardia go in a dog?

A

duodenum –> ileum

159
Q

Where does giardia go in a cat?

A

jejunum –> ileum

160
Q

What are the CSs of giardia?

A

d+, maldigestion

161
Q

How do you dx giardia?

A

fecal exam, PCR

162
Q

How do you tx giardia?

A

metro, fenbendazole

163
Q

What does neosporosis affect?

A

naturally occurring infection in mainly young puppies worldwide

164
Q

What are the CSs of neosporosis?

A

neuro deficits, muscular abnormalities, ascending paralysis

165
Q

How do you dx neopsorosis?

A

Antibody tests, PCR feces

166
Q

How do you tx neosporosis?

A

TMS or clindamycin

167
Q

What is the reservoir host for leishmaniosis?

A

dogs

168
Q

How is leishmaniosis spread?

A

sand fly

169
Q

How does leishmaniosis travel in the body?

A

through hemolymph regions

170
Q

What are the CSs of leishmaniosis?

A

exercise intolerance, weight loss, skin lesions

171
Q

Is leishmaniosis a reportable disease?

A

Yes! to the CDC

172
Q

How do you dx leishmaniosis?

A

PCR

173
Q

How do you tx leishmaniosis?

A

Its hard!! it’s super resistant.

174
Q

What type of protozoa is babeisia?

A

a hemoprotozoan parasite that infects RBCs

175
Q

What are CSs for large babesia spp?

A

sublinical dz: hemolytic A+, thrombocytopenia

176
Q

How do you tx large babesia spp.?

A

imidocarb (imizol)

177
Q

What are CSs for small babesia spp?

A

hemolytic A+, thrombocytopenia, vasculitis, fever

178
Q

How do you tx small babesia spp.?

A

combods of clindamycin, diminazene, imidocarb

179
Q

How do you dx babesia?

A

Blood smear, PCR

SAM I again (4 decks)

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