Infectious diseases of small animals Flashcards
Infectious and parasitic skin diseases in dogs and cats. Otitis externa
BACTERIAL Pyoderma Primary - S.intermedius Secondary - Coag - staph Commensal manifest disease in immunosuppression
Superficial - epidermis + follicles
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis
- Intertrigo (skin fold pyo)
- Impetigo (Puppy pyo)
- Folliculitis (Hair follicle)
Deep - Epidermis, dermis, follicles, furunculosis
- Deep folliculitis + furunculosis
- Acral lick granuloma
- Interdigital furunculosis
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis
VIRAL
Distemper - hyperkeratosis
Feline cowpox
Feline calicivirus - respiratory but can develop subQ oedema
PARASITIC
Mites
-Burrowing: scabies, demodex
–demodex - localised (<2 years) / generalised
-Non-burrowing: cheyletiella, thrombiculata, otodectes
Lice
- Anoplura (sucking) - lingognathus
- mallorphagia (chewing) - felicola, canicola
Ticks
- Dermacentor
- rhipicephalus
- ixodes
Fleas
- Ctenocephalides felis (>95%)
- pulex irritans
- FAD
- D.caninum
Flies
-Myiasis
Calliphora - blow fly
Cochliomyia - screw fly
Otitis externa Inf of external ear canal Primary - allergy, AI Secondary - bacteria, yeast, fungi ear conformation is factor T: Cerumenolytics Anti-inflammatories Topical ATb, anti fungals, anti parasitics
Mycotic skin diseases of small animals
CUTANEOUS Dermatophytosis - ringworm Microsporum canis, gypseum Trichophyton verrucosum -Usually requires immunosuppression -Local, multifocal, generalised -Incubation --> maturation --> crust formation --> regression Cs: typical round alopecia Dx: woods lamp (D.canis), KOH
Malassezia pachydermatis
Yeast - moist skin
SYSTEMIC
Classification of infection:
Blastomycosis - suppurative lesions in oragans (candida, blastomyces, cryptococcus)
Hyphomycosis - formation of hyphae (aspergillus)
Phycomycosis - hypahe with no septum
Aspergillus
Lungs - yellow grey
Blastomyces
Upper and lower respiratory tract affected
Characteristic “double wall” on cytology
Histoplasma capsulatum
Forms lesions in the lungs
Candida
Infects MM - oral, vaginal = pseudomembrane of cheesy white discharge
Skin - folliculitis + papules white crusts
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pidgeon faeces = CNS signs
Related to cats with FIV and dogs with ehrlichia
Dx: KOH, woods lamp, sabourads agar (cytology)
CSF - inka ink stain (white halos)
T:
Miconazole (topical)
Fluconazole, amphotericin B (systemic)
Kennel cough & Feline respiratory complex
Kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC))
V - Distemper, parainfluenza, herpes, corona, canine flu, adenovirus
B - Bordetella, mycoplasma, streptococcus
Co-infections are common
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC)
- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpes-a)
- Calicivirus + facial oedema
- Mycoplasma
- Aspergillosis - yellow grey
Cs: nasal discharge, discharge, dyspnea, sneezing, coughing. ocular discharge (conjunctivitis)
Dx: BAL (cytology), endoscopy (aspergillus), ELISA (nasal discharge), Imaging (X-Ray - bronchial patterns/ fuzzy if fungal)
T:
Acyclovir (V)
ATB (B)
Fluconazole (F)
Anti-tussives
Bronchodilators
O2
Vaccines
Bordatella + CAV-2 + Pi (combo) - Intranasal
DHPPi
Chlamydial infections and feline respiratory disease complex
Chlamydia
EB - extracellular infectious
RB - intracellular replicative
Chlamydial conjunctivitis -Often infected from mother at birth -Recovered become carriers -two outcomes 1-Heavy infection - MO lysis 2-Light infection - MO's become epithelioid cells
Conjunctivitis - most commonly
Pneumonia - mostly kittens
DX: Cytology + ELISA
Vac: 8wk –> 12wk –> yearly
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC)
- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpes-a)
- Calicivirus + facial oedema
- Mycoplasma
- Aspergillosis - yellow grey
Cs: nasal discharge, discharge, dyspnea, sneezing, coughing. ocular discharge (conjunctivitis)
Dx: BAL (cytology), endoscopy (aspergillus), ELISA (nasal discharge), Imaging (X-Ray - bronchial patterns/ fuzzy if fungal)
T:
Acyclovir (V)
ATB (B)
Fluconazole (F)
Anti-tussives
Bronchodilators
O2
Parvovirus and other GIT infections (coronavirus, canine infectious hepatitis)
Canine parvovirus
CPV-2 highly infectious cause of D+ in puppies
mAb are an important factor (decrease around week 4-12)
Cs: cardiac failure, DIC, sepsis - Myocardial form (<4 weeks age)
Villous atrophy - haemorrhagic D+
Dx: ELIZA (Ag as parvo is immunosuppressive)
Pancytopenia
P: 8–> 12 –> 16wk vac (year booster then every 3 years)
Canine coronavirus
FO transmission –> destruction of enterocytes
Cs: watery D+, fatal co-infections
Infectious canine hepatitis CAV-1 (blue eye) Saliva and faeces Ag-Ab complexes Liver, kidney, lungs, eyes Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites + clotting issues P: 8-->12-->16wk vac (booster at 1 yr and then 3 yearly)
Others VIRAL Rotavirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Distemper BACTERIA Leptospirosis Salmonella Clostridium Helicobacter Campylobacter Enterococcus Escheria coli
GIT infections of cats
VIRAL
Feline infectious enteritis - Feline parvo(CPV1)
Older cats - Enteritis with panleukopenia
Kittens - 90% death
survival –> life long carrier
Can be passed vertically (abortion 1st trimester)
-Ocular and CNS issues in neonates
Vac: 8–>12–>16wks (3 yearly booster)
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus (2 strains) - mutated High virulence - low immunity = FIP Low virulence - Recover + carrier status Wet/Dry FIP RIVALTA test (transudate vs exudate)
Feline enteric coronavirus
Non-mutated
Often transient enteritis through enterocyte damage –> malabsorption
BACTERIA
Salmonella
Sepsis or enteritis
D+ V+
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringes
Helicobacter
Dx: fecal culture
PARASITES
Giardia
Eimeria
Trichomonas foetus
Cryptosporidium
Dx: float/stain (zn)
Infectious disease of urinary system
Leptospira canicola, icterohemorrhagica, bratislava (Stuttgart disease)
- Ag-Ab interstitial kidney disease,
- Haemolysis –> HbUria –> kidney damage + hemosiderosis of liver
- Shed in urine
- Dx: levaditi stain
Bacterial cystitis
- E.coli, pseudomonas, staph+strep
- Usually ascending
- SG >1.035 + alkaline pH
Pyelonephritis
- Bacterial infection of renal pelvis
- Usually ascending can be haematogenous
- Uroliths can increase risk (urine stasis)
Prostatitis
- Suppurative inflammation of the prostate
- Hematogenous or ascending urinary
Dioctophyma renale
- Kidney worm
- L1 in the egg –> worm (IH), fish+frog (PH)
- Stomach –> kidney –> shed in urine
Cs: stranguria, haematuria, pyuria
Dx: SG, USG, Dip-stick (blood, ketones, glucose) urine culture and cytology
Infectious diseases of the reproductive system
VIRAL
Canine herpes virus 1
Fatal haemorrhagic disease - “fading puppy syndrome”
Latent infection that flares with immunosupression
Transmits vertically
Resp/abortion
Distemper
-result in maternal weakness and abortion
Canine adenovirus - 1
FelPanLeu - FIE
BACTERIA Brucella canis contact and vertical Cs: metritis, abortion, orchitis Lymph dissemination to repro tract Dx: ZN (STAMP stain), CFT, Farrell's media
Listeria monocytogenes
3 forms
-Abortive, septic (young), encephalic (adult)
-Ingestion, vertical, colostrum
Dx: Anton test –> apply to conjunctiva (24hrs KCS), Muller-Hinton agar, B-haemolysis
PARASITIC
Toxoplasma
Neospora
NEONATAL DEATH
Canine parvovirus 1
Fatal gastroenteritis of puppies
FIV + FeLV
Vertical and pregnancy losses
Feline herpes virus 1
-Resp
Canine distemper, rabies and other diseases affecting the nervous system in small animals
VIRAL
Distemper (morbillivirus)
Poly-tropic (GIT, UGT, Resp, Skin, CNS)
Vaccine 8–>12–>16wk year booster then 3 years
Aujeszky’s disease (suid herpesvirus)
Pseudorabies “mad itch” - severe pruritis
CNS haemorrhage
Feline panleukopenia virus (FIE)
Parvo - 1
Destroys BM, LN’s, enterocytes
In young also destroys the CNS
Tick encephalitis - flavivirus
Tick vector
Rabies - not to mention here
BACTERIA
Botulism
Toxin –> flaccid paralysis
Infectious botulism –> young only
Tetanus - “lockjaw”
Toxin released through autolysis of bacteria
tetanospasmin and lysin
FUNGAL
Cryptococcosis - cryptococcus neoformans
Cs: Circling, head pressing, blindness, vocalisation, rolling, behaviour abnormalities, seizures
Dx: IFAT, CFT, ELISA, Culture of CSF, histopathology
T: Supportive -Seizures: benzos -Atb -Acyclovir -Fluconazole
OTHERS
FIP, FIV, Toxoplasma, Canine infectious hepatitis (hepatic encephalopathy)
Rabies in dog and cats
RABIES
Lyssavirus
Not in UK and Norway
Urban rabies - Sylvatic rabies (cycle)
Transmitted by saliva (bites and fighting)
Bite –> muscle –> disseminates to peripheral nerves and CNS –> salivary glands (replication + transmission)
Cs:
Furious form
1-prodromal phase - temp + behaviour (1-2d)
2-excitatory phase - Fury + hallucination (3d)
3- paralytic phase - convulsion, death (>3d)
Stupid (dumb) form
Lethargy, tremors, paralysis, death
Dx: Ag in saliva Ab in blood CSF corneal swab IFA
PM: whole body/head and 2 cerv vert
Lyssa/negri bodies found in brain histopathology (negri bodies inside neurones are called Babe’s nodules)
RREID (Rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis)
VIT
Vaccine - pre-travel (7–>21–>28days)
Post-exposure vaccine (PEP)
-Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) or equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG)
-Passive immunisation
Feline leukemia, FIV, FIPeritonitis/Pleuritis
FeLV - Retrovirus
2 Forms
1) Regressive - good immunity
–Neutralised –> carriers
2) Progressive - poor immunity
- -invades LN’s and BM
- -causes uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid cells
Contact, fighting, vertical
Non-specific signs + immunosuppression –> 2ndary bacterial infections or FIA (haemobartonella)
Lymphadenitis
Dx: Snap-test ELISA, IFA to confirm
Vacc: 8–>12–>16 weeks then yearly booster
T: EPO + Steroids
FIV - Lentivirus
Trasmitted - fighting and vertical
Acute - leucopenia <4weeks, then >4 weeks return to health
-Chronic –> Widespread immunosuppression
Dx: Decreased Ag load, detect Ab’s, Bloods (leukopenia and neutropenia), Western blot to confirm
DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS!!!
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus (2 strains) - mutated High virulence - low immunity = FIP Low virulence - Recover + carrier status Wet/Dry FIP RIVALTA test (transudate vs exudate)
Infectious diseases characterised by natural focality
Lymes disease - Borrelia burgdorferi
Tick (ixodes) transmission + rodent reservoir
Rash –> lameness –> lymphadenopathy –> renal failure +myocarditis
Barber-Stoner-Kelly-II culture
Q-Fever - Coxiella burnetii Ticks + aerosol -Repro -Resp -Hepatitis STAMP stain (persists in MO's)
Ehrlichiosis - ehrlichia canis Canine haemorrhagic fever Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis Ticks Haemolytic anaemia blood smear (morulae of WBC)
Tick borne encephalitis - TBE virus
CNS signs, facial paralysis, nystagmus
Phase 1 - pancytopenia
Phase 2 - neutrophilia, protein in CSF
Tularemia - Francisella tularensis, paleartica Ticks (ixodes, rhiphicephalus) - Ulceroglandular form Aersol - resp form contact - eye form ingestion - enteric form Sepsis McCoy agar , impression of liver Liver and spleen necrosis
Anaplasmosis - anaplasma phagocytolyticum, platys
Phagocytolyticum –> RBC’s (anaemia)
Platys –> Platelets (thrombocytopenia)
Bartonellosis - bartonella henselae
Flea spreads this to cats
Intracellular to RBC’s –> anaemia
Leptospirosis
- Rodent reservoir, urine shedding
- Repro
- Kidneys + UT
Preventative, control and eradication of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Prevention, control, eradication
Immunoprophylaxis (50% of pop vacc’ed = much lower risk of infection)
A good vaccine:
-strong, long-lasting immune system
Travel: fit, vaccinated to the target countries specifications
Protection + control
Quarantine is required unless part of the “pet travel scheme”
Entering EU
- microchip
- rabies vac >21days
- passport
- flea and worming
Entering EU from 3rd country
- Microhip
- Rabies (blood test + 3 month wait)
- Relevant documentation
- deworming
Re-entry to EU/UK
-If chipped + blood with high rabies titre (30 days post vac) before leaving can return in 3 months without quarantine
Registering a companion Microchipping Tattooing - not accepted in UK Records - DOB, vac status, microchip Rabies - 21 day wait from vac to travel Worming - <5 days pretravel
Vaccinations
DOG
-CORE: distemper, hepatitis, parvo, lepto, rabies
-NON-CORE: KC, Lymes, microsporum
CATS
- CORE: Panleuko (FIE), Herpes, calici, rabies
- NON-CORE: FeLV, Chlamydia
Principles of immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination of dogs and cats.
Immunoprophylaxis
Active: Exposure, vaccination
Passive: Hyperimmune serum from donor
-Can be used onset of disease
Immunity at life stages
Early post-natal - mAb (puppies born a-globulinaemic)
Adult - Immunosuppression can result from
- external infections: infection
- external non-inf: steroids, toxins, stress
- Internal: endocrine, pregnancy
Window of susceptibility
-mAb is to low to protect but high enough to suppress puppy immune response to vaccines (8-10 weeks)
8–>12–>16wks to ensure “window of susceptibility” does not interfere with immunisation. Boosters at 1 / 3 years.
Vaccination protocol
Polyvalent / monovalent
modified (attenuated) live / killed
CANINE
CORE: parvo, distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, rabies
NON-CORE: KC, lymes, microsporum, lepto, flu, corona
FELINE
CORE: PanLeukopenia (FIE), herpes, calici, rabies
NON-CORE: FeLV, chlamydia, microsporum
FIP + FIV - exist but NOT RECOMMENDED
Protozoonosis of GIT (Giardia, cryptosporidum, isospora, sarcocystis, toxoplasma, neospora)
Giardia Assemblages - C+D (canis), F (cati) -FO -binary fission --> spores in faeces -destruction of enterocytes --> D+ + malabsorption (steatorrhea) FAUST float faecal smear
Cryptosporidium canis, felis Usually asymptomatic Thin and thick shells -autoinfection (thin) Dx: stain (kingyoung B+P, carbolfuchsin R+W, ZN G+R)
Isospora canis, ohioensis (eimeria family)
PH - Rodent
Bloody mucoid D+
anaemia
Endogenous development
-can disseminate to LN’s, liver and spleen
DDx - Eimeria and Isospora
-Eimeria has eosin staining cells iso does not
T: toltrazuril
Sarcocystis bovicanis, ovifelis
FH enterocyte –> shed eggs –> infect IH (ruminant) –> gamonts in artery and arterioles –> rupture and encyst in muscles –> FH eats
Dx: digestive method
Toxoplasma gondii Felids Eggs --> enterocytes --> pseudocysts (tachyzoites) --> calcification --> cysts (bradyzoites) --> FH eats --> GIT --> Cysts in tissues (including foetus, CNS, ocular) Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine spiramycin if pregnant
Neospora
- Encysts in ruminant muscle
- Transplacental –> CNS issues in puppies
- Immunocompromised manifest disease
- Divides in enterocytes
Systemic protozoonosis
Toxoplasma gondii Felids Eggs --> enterocytes --> pseudocysts (tachyzoites) --> calcification --> cysts (bradyzoites) --> FH eats --> GIT --> Cysts in tissues (including foetus, CNS, ocular) Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine spiramycin if pregnant
Neospora caninum
- Encysts in ruminant muscle
- Transplacental –> CNS issues in puppies
- Immunocompromised manifest disease
- Divides in enterocytes
Microsporosis/encephalotozoonosis
spore forming unicellular organism (Endo and exospore)
Strain 2 + 3 (CNS + ocular)
sporogny causes damage to cells as they replicate and rupture
H+E stain or spore in faeces (india ink)
Leishmaniosis - Tropica - Cutaneous (90%) - wet/dry brasiliensis - Mucocutaneous donovani - Visceral IH - sand flies (lutzyoma/ phlebotomus)
Canine leishmania (visceral)
-Primary: Nose + mouth
-Secondary: ulceration colitis, head muscle atrophy, lymphadenopathy
Young dogs look old!
Visceral attacks RES
- BM, spleen, liver
- Eyes
Dx: stained (fields) smear or spleen biopsy, ulcer aspirate
Vectorborne blood parasites
Leishmaniasis - Tropica - Cutaneous (90%) - wet/dry brasiliensis - Mucocutaneous donovani - Visceral IH - sand flies (lutzyoma/ phlebotomus)
Canine leishmania (visceral)
-Primary: Nose + mouth
-Secondary: ulcerative colitis, head muscle atrophy, lymphadenopathy
Young dogs look old!
Visceral attacks RES
- BM, spleen, liver
- Eyes
Dx: stained (fields) smear or spleen biopsy, ulcer aspirate
Babesia rossi, gibsoni
Lrg: 2-5 nm (central)
Sml: 1-2 nm (peripheral)
LC: Blood meal –> inject –> sporozoites into RBC –> dissolves –> reinfection –> blood meal
Transstadial + transovarial gametogony
Hb-anemia, Hb-uria
chronic babesiosis - anaemia
Petechial lesions + splenomegaly
Dx: Blood smears (G-R)
T: Imidocarb
Trypanosoma cruzi
Rodent + dog reservoir
<1 year - Acute death
Chronic - hemorrhagic diathesis
LC:
trypomastigote (epimastigote) in reduvid bug –> endocardium –> amastigote in muscle + neroglia –> damage when rupture
Dx:
Blood (acute)
serology (chronic)
T: Benzimidazoles
Hepatozoon canis, americanum (DOGS)
LC:
Tick –> Sporozoite into blood –> SI –> haematogenous –> RES (spleen, BM, liver, LN) + muscle –> Meront develops inside –> piroplasms rupture from cells –> neutrophils infected –> tick takes blood meal
T: Imidocarb
Cytauxzoon felis(CATS)
LC:
Tick –> sporozoites in blood –> BM, LN, spleen –> WBC –> RBC –> rupture –> blood –> tick
Causes pancytopenia (IS, anaemia)
T: Atovaquone + azithromycin
Vector transmitted helminths
Dirofilaria
immitis - pulmonic artery
repens - cutaneous form
Congestive heart failure –> ascites, pulmonary oedema, Hypertrophy of heart muscles
Microfilaria in blood –> mosquito blood meal –> microfilaria-L3 –> transmitted to dog/cat –> L3-5 –> microfilaria in heart
Can be passed transplacentally
Thelaziasis (T. californensis)
Musca domestica
L1 on conjunctiva –> fly lands –> L1-3 in fly –> feed on conjunctiva –> deposit L3 –> L5 –> L1 –> fly
Cs: conjunctivitis, corneal damage
T: ivermectin
Spirocerca lupi
-L1 (egg) –> coprophagous beetles –> L3 –> dog stomach –> hematogenous –> oesophagus + aorta (L3-5)
Cs: obstruction of aorta or oesophagus
Dx: float
T: Ivermectin
Cestodes of dogsand cats
PSEUDOPHYLIDIAE
Diphyllobothrium latum
Coracidium into water –> crustacean (proceroid) –> Fish (pleurocercoid) –> Pisivicious animals –> adult worm –> egg
Can cause macrocytic anaemia due to B12 deficiency
Spirometra erincei europei
Similar to D.latum but plerocercoid (mammals, amphibians, reptiles)
Sparagarnosis (infection with plerocercoid) can cause various Cs depending on location (ocular, visceral, cutaneous, neuronal)
CYCLOPHYLIDIA
Tenia sp.
Cysticercosis (visceral/muscular)
Dogs
- serialis (rabbits) –>coe. serialis
- pisiformis (rabbits) –> c. pisiformis
- hydatigena (livestock) –> c.tenuicollis
Cats
- taeniaeformis (mice) –> c. fasciolaris
- multiceps (lagomorphs) –> coe. cerebralis
Metacestodes - found in tissues of IH (liver, muscle, brain)
Ecchinococosis E. granulosus, felidis (FH: dogs + cats) Locations of cysts (IH) -Liver (75%) -Lungs (22%)
E. multilocularis (fox dwarf TW)
Exogenous budding in Liver and lungs of IH can metastasis
Dx: coproantigen tests as floatation is unreliable
Mesocestoides lineatus
Egg ingested by beetle –> beetle ingested by rodents/amphibians –> tetrahyridum develops –> Tetrahyridium develops in IH ingested by FH
GP passed in faeces and easily seen
Diplydium caninum Egg packet - cocoon Flea IH (cysticercoid) -->spread to FH with blood meal Impaction can occur Dx: cucumber seeds in faeces
Dx: floatation
T: Praziquantel, albendazole
Nematodes of the small and large intestine of dogs and cats
Strongyloides stercoralis
Homogonic development - only females in host
Heterogonic development - both sexes in environment
L3 infects
- Autoinfection
- Pulmo-tracheal (respiratory)
- Cutaneous (hypobiosis in muscles)
- Lactogenic
Toxocara canis, cati
- L3 respiratory route - hepato-pulmonary migration
- somatic route (muscle - hypobiosis)
- Transplacental (NOT IN CATI)
- Transmammary
- VLM + VLO
Toxascaris leona
-As toxocara but with no somatic, transplacental or transmammary transmission
Ancylostoma caninum, tubaeforme\uncinaria stenocephala
- Caninum - Dogs
- Tubaeforme - Cats
- U. stenocephala - Dogs
Transmission
PH (mouse)
per oral
per cutis
Somatic migration (hypobiosis in muscle) –> transplacental/transmammary (ONLY CANINUM)
Trichuris vulpis Direct infection with egg with L1 Cecum + colon Achor to GI with spike Cs: anaemia, hypoproteinemia
Nematodes of the respiratory system
LUNGWORMS Angiostrongylus vasorum/ Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Eggs - pulmonary artery L1 - Lungs L3 - R-side of the heart
IH: slugs and snails (L3)
PH: frogs, snakes
L3 - SI –> HPM –> L5
- Aelurostrongylus - lungs
- Angiostrongylus - heart
Congestive heart failure –> pulmonary oedema
L1 –> cough –> swallow –> SI
Crenosoma vulpis
L3 –> SI –> HPM –> Lungs
L5 –> cough + swallow –> L1
Filaroides
oslerus - Dog
rostratus - Cat
Found in the tracheal bifurcation
L1 –> SI –> lymph + portal system –> lungs –> L5
Can be passed to puppy during grooming (L1 in trachea)
Capillaria aerophilla
Mustalids, canids, felids
PH: earthworm
L1 (egg) –> SI –> HPM –> cough + swallow –> Eggs to environment
Bearmann method/larvoscopy
T: Benzimidazoles
Ectoparasites
MITES
Burrowing:
-Demodex (localised-juvanille/generalised)
-Sarcoptes scabiei
Non-burrowing:
- Chelytiella - walking dandruff
- Otodectes - waxy ears
- Notoderes - head alopecia
- Thrombiculata autumnalis - henry’s pockets and feet
TICKS
Ixodes
Rhiphicephalus
-Babesia, Trypanosoma, Hepatozoon, cytauxzoon
LICE
Sucking (anoplura)
lingognathus serratus
Cs: Anaemia
Chewing (mallorphagia)
Trichodectes canis
Heterodoctus spiniger
Cs: Pruritis
FLEAS
Ctenocephalides felis
purlex irritans
-D. caninum
FLIES
Cochliomya - screw myasis
calliphora - blow myasis
simulidae musca domestica -thelasiosis Sand fly -Leishmania
