Infectious diseases of small animals Flashcards
Infectious and parasitic skin diseases in dogs and cats. Otitis externa
BACTERIAL Pyoderma Primary - S.intermedius Secondary - Coag - staph Commensal manifest disease in immunosuppression
Superficial - epidermis + follicles
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis
- Intertrigo (skin fold pyo)
- Impetigo (Puppy pyo)
- Folliculitis (Hair follicle)
Deep - Epidermis, dermis, follicles, furunculosis
- Deep folliculitis + furunculosis
- Acral lick granuloma
- Interdigital furunculosis
- Pyotraumatic dermatitis
VIRAL
Distemper - hyperkeratosis
Feline cowpox
Feline calicivirus - respiratory but can develop subQ oedema
PARASITIC
Mites
-Burrowing: scabies, demodex
–demodex - localised (<2 years) / generalised
-Non-burrowing: cheyletiella, thrombiculata, otodectes
Lice
- Anoplura (sucking) - lingognathus
- mallorphagia (chewing) - felicola, canicola
Ticks
- Dermacentor
- rhipicephalus
- ixodes
Fleas
- Ctenocephalides felis (>95%)
- pulex irritans
- FAD
- D.caninum
Flies
-Myiasis
Calliphora - blow fly
Cochliomyia - screw fly
Otitis externa Inf of external ear canal Primary - allergy, AI Secondary - bacteria, yeast, fungi ear conformation is factor T: Cerumenolytics Anti-inflammatories Topical ATb, anti fungals, anti parasitics
Mycotic skin diseases of small animals
CUTANEOUS Dermatophytosis - ringworm Microsporum canis, gypseum Trichophyton verrucosum -Usually requires immunosuppression -Local, multifocal, generalised -Incubation --> maturation --> crust formation --> regression Cs: typical round alopecia Dx: woods lamp (D.canis), KOH
Malassezia pachydermatis
Yeast - moist skin
SYSTEMIC
Classification of infection:
Blastomycosis - suppurative lesions in oragans (candida, blastomyces, cryptococcus)
Hyphomycosis - formation of hyphae (aspergillus)
Phycomycosis - hypahe with no septum
Aspergillus
Lungs - yellow grey
Blastomyces
Upper and lower respiratory tract affected
Characteristic “double wall” on cytology
Histoplasma capsulatum
Forms lesions in the lungs
Candida
Infects MM - oral, vaginal = pseudomembrane of cheesy white discharge
Skin - folliculitis + papules white crusts
Cryptococcus neoformans
Pidgeon faeces = CNS signs
Related to cats with FIV and dogs with ehrlichia
Dx: KOH, woods lamp, sabourads agar (cytology)
CSF - inka ink stain (white halos)
T:
Miconazole (topical)
Fluconazole, amphotericin B (systemic)
Kennel cough & Feline respiratory complex
Kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC))
V - Distemper, parainfluenza, herpes, corona, canine flu, adenovirus
B - Bordetella, mycoplasma, streptococcus
Co-infections are common
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC)
- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpes-a)
- Calicivirus + facial oedema
- Mycoplasma
- Aspergillosis - yellow grey
Cs: nasal discharge, discharge, dyspnea, sneezing, coughing. ocular discharge (conjunctivitis)
Dx: BAL (cytology), endoscopy (aspergillus), ELISA (nasal discharge), Imaging (X-Ray - bronchial patterns/ fuzzy if fungal)
T:
Acyclovir (V)
ATB (B)
Fluconazole (F)
Anti-tussives
Bronchodilators
O2
Vaccines
Bordatella + CAV-2 + Pi (combo) - Intranasal
DHPPi
Chlamydial infections and feline respiratory disease complex
Chlamydia
EB - extracellular infectious
RB - intracellular replicative
Chlamydial conjunctivitis -Often infected from mother at birth -Recovered become carriers -two outcomes 1-Heavy infection - MO lysis 2-Light infection - MO's become epithelioid cells
Conjunctivitis - most commonly
Pneumonia - mostly kittens
DX: Cytology + ELISA
Vac: 8wk –> 12wk –> yearly
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC)
- Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpes-a)
- Calicivirus + facial oedema
- Mycoplasma
- Aspergillosis - yellow grey
Cs: nasal discharge, discharge, dyspnea, sneezing, coughing. ocular discharge (conjunctivitis)
Dx: BAL (cytology), endoscopy (aspergillus), ELISA (nasal discharge), Imaging (X-Ray - bronchial patterns/ fuzzy if fungal)
T:
Acyclovir (V)
ATB (B)
Fluconazole (F)
Anti-tussives
Bronchodilators
O2
Parvovirus and other GIT infections (coronavirus, canine infectious hepatitis)
Canine parvovirus
CPV-2 highly infectious cause of D+ in puppies
mAb are an important factor (decrease around week 4-12)
Cs: cardiac failure, DIC, sepsis - Myocardial form (<4 weeks age)
Villous atrophy - haemorrhagic D+
Dx: ELIZA (Ag as parvo is immunosuppressive)
Pancytopenia
P: 8–> 12 –> 16wk vac (year booster then every 3 years)
Canine coronavirus
FO transmission –> destruction of enterocytes
Cs: watery D+, fatal co-infections
Infectious canine hepatitis CAV-1 (blue eye) Saliva and faeces Ag-Ab complexes Liver, kidney, lungs, eyes Hepatosplenomegaly Ascites + clotting issues P: 8-->12-->16wk vac (booster at 1 yr and then 3 yearly)
Others VIRAL Rotavirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Distemper BACTERIA Leptospirosis Salmonella Clostridium Helicobacter Campylobacter Enterococcus Escheria coli
GIT infections of cats
VIRAL
Feline infectious enteritis - Feline parvo(CPV1)
Older cats - Enteritis with panleukopenia
Kittens - 90% death
survival –> life long carrier
Can be passed vertically (abortion 1st trimester)
-Ocular and CNS issues in neonates
Vac: 8–>12–>16wks (3 yearly booster)
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus (2 strains) - mutated High virulence - low immunity = FIP Low virulence - Recover + carrier status Wet/Dry FIP RIVALTA test (transudate vs exudate)
Feline enteric coronavirus
Non-mutated
Often transient enteritis through enterocyte damage –> malabsorption
BACTERIA
Salmonella
Sepsis or enteritis
D+ V+
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium perfringes
Helicobacter
Dx: fecal culture
PARASITES
Giardia
Eimeria
Trichomonas foetus
Cryptosporidium
Dx: float/stain (zn)
Infectious disease of urinary system
Leptospira canicola, icterohemorrhagica, bratislava (Stuttgart disease)
- Ag-Ab interstitial kidney disease,
- Haemolysis –> HbUria –> kidney damage + hemosiderosis of liver
- Shed in urine
- Dx: levaditi stain
Bacterial cystitis
- E.coli, pseudomonas, staph+strep
- Usually ascending
- SG >1.035 + alkaline pH
Pyelonephritis
- Bacterial infection of renal pelvis
- Usually ascending can be haematogenous
- Uroliths can increase risk (urine stasis)
Prostatitis
- Suppurative inflammation of the prostate
- Hematogenous or ascending urinary
Dioctophyma renale
- Kidney worm
- L1 in the egg –> worm (IH), fish+frog (PH)
- Stomach –> kidney –> shed in urine
Cs: stranguria, haematuria, pyuria
Dx: SG, USG, Dip-stick (blood, ketones, glucose) urine culture and cytology
Infectious diseases of the reproductive system
VIRAL
Canine herpes virus 1
Fatal haemorrhagic disease - “fading puppy syndrome”
Latent infection that flares with immunosupression
Transmits vertically
Resp/abortion
Distemper
-result in maternal weakness and abortion
Canine adenovirus - 1
FelPanLeu - FIE
BACTERIA Brucella canis contact and vertical Cs: metritis, abortion, orchitis Lymph dissemination to repro tract Dx: ZN (STAMP stain), CFT, Farrell's media
Listeria monocytogenes
3 forms
-Abortive, septic (young), encephalic (adult)
-Ingestion, vertical, colostrum
Dx: Anton test –> apply to conjunctiva (24hrs KCS), Muller-Hinton agar, B-haemolysis
PARASITIC
Toxoplasma
Neospora
NEONATAL DEATH
Canine parvovirus 1
Fatal gastroenteritis of puppies
FIV + FeLV
Vertical and pregnancy losses
Feline herpes virus 1
-Resp
Canine distemper, rabies and other diseases affecting the nervous system in small animals
VIRAL
Distemper (morbillivirus)
Poly-tropic (GIT, UGT, Resp, Skin, CNS)
Vaccine 8–>12–>16wk year booster then 3 years
Aujeszky’s disease (suid herpesvirus)
Pseudorabies “mad itch” - severe pruritis
CNS haemorrhage
Feline panleukopenia virus (FIE)
Parvo - 1
Destroys BM, LN’s, enterocytes
In young also destroys the CNS
Tick encephalitis - flavivirus
Tick vector
Rabies - not to mention here
BACTERIA
Botulism
Toxin –> flaccid paralysis
Infectious botulism –> young only
Tetanus - “lockjaw”
Toxin released through autolysis of bacteria
tetanospasmin and lysin
FUNGAL
Cryptococcosis - cryptococcus neoformans
Cs: Circling, head pressing, blindness, vocalisation, rolling, behaviour abnormalities, seizures
Dx: IFAT, CFT, ELISA, Culture of CSF, histopathology
T: Supportive -Seizures: benzos -Atb -Acyclovir -Fluconazole
OTHERS
FIP, FIV, Toxoplasma, Canine infectious hepatitis (hepatic encephalopathy)
Rabies in dog and cats
RABIES
Lyssavirus
Not in UK and Norway
Urban rabies - Sylvatic rabies (cycle)
Transmitted by saliva (bites and fighting)
Bite –> muscle –> disseminates to peripheral nerves and CNS –> salivary glands (replication + transmission)
Cs:
Furious form
1-prodromal phase - temp + behaviour (1-2d)
2-excitatory phase - Fury + hallucination (3d)
3- paralytic phase - convulsion, death (>3d)
Stupid (dumb) form
Lethargy, tremors, paralysis, death
Dx: Ag in saliva Ab in blood CSF corneal swab IFA
PM: whole body/head and 2 cerv vert
Lyssa/negri bodies found in brain histopathology (negri bodies inside neurones are called Babe’s nodules)
RREID (Rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis)
VIT
Vaccine - pre-travel (7–>21–>28days)
Post-exposure vaccine (PEP)
-Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) or equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG)
-Passive immunisation
Feline leukemia, FIV, FIPeritonitis/Pleuritis
FeLV - Retrovirus
2 Forms
1) Regressive - good immunity
–Neutralised –> carriers
2) Progressive - poor immunity
- -invades LN’s and BM
- -causes uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid cells
Contact, fighting, vertical
Non-specific signs + immunosuppression –> 2ndary bacterial infections or FIA (haemobartonella)
Lymphadenitis
Dx: Snap-test ELISA, IFA to confirm
Vacc: 8–>12–>16 weeks then yearly booster
T: EPO + Steroids
FIV - Lentivirus
Trasmitted - fighting and vertical
Acute - leucopenia <4weeks, then >4 weeks return to health
-Chronic –> Widespread immunosuppression
Dx: Decreased Ag load, detect Ab’s, Bloods (leukopenia and neutropenia), Western blot to confirm
DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS!!!
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus (2 strains) - mutated High virulence - low immunity = FIP Low virulence - Recover + carrier status Wet/Dry FIP RIVALTA test (transudate vs exudate)
Infectious diseases characterised by natural focality
Lymes disease - Borrelia burgdorferi
Tick (ixodes) transmission + rodent reservoir
Rash –> lameness –> lymphadenopathy –> renal failure +myocarditis
Barber-Stoner-Kelly-II culture
Q-Fever - Coxiella burnetii Ticks + aerosol -Repro -Resp -Hepatitis STAMP stain (persists in MO's)
Ehrlichiosis - ehrlichia canis Canine haemorrhagic fever Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis Ticks Haemolytic anaemia blood smear (morulae of WBC)
Tick borne encephalitis - TBE virus
CNS signs, facial paralysis, nystagmus
Phase 1 - pancytopenia
Phase 2 - neutrophilia, protein in CSF
Tularemia - Francisella tularensis, paleartica Ticks (ixodes, rhiphicephalus) - Ulceroglandular form Aersol - resp form contact - eye form ingestion - enteric form Sepsis McCoy agar , impression of liver Liver and spleen necrosis
Anaplasmosis - anaplasma phagocytolyticum, platys
Phagocytolyticum –> RBC’s (anaemia)
Platys –> Platelets (thrombocytopenia)
Bartonellosis - bartonella henselae
Flea spreads this to cats
Intracellular to RBC’s –> anaemia
Leptospirosis
- Rodent reservoir, urine shedding
- Repro
- Kidneys + UT
Preventative, control and eradication of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
Prevention, control, eradication
Immunoprophylaxis (50% of pop vacc’ed = much lower risk of infection)
A good vaccine:
-strong, long-lasting immune system
Travel: fit, vaccinated to the target countries specifications
Protection + control
Quarantine is required unless part of the “pet travel scheme”
Entering EU
- microchip
- rabies vac >21days
- passport
- flea and worming
Entering EU from 3rd country
- Microhip
- Rabies (blood test + 3 month wait)
- Relevant documentation
- deworming
Re-entry to EU/UK
-If chipped + blood with high rabies titre (30 days post vac) before leaving can return in 3 months without quarantine
Registering a companion Microchipping Tattooing - not accepted in UK Records - DOB, vac status, microchip Rabies - 21 day wait from vac to travel Worming - <5 days pretravel
Vaccinations
DOG
-CORE: distemper, hepatitis, parvo, lepto, rabies
-NON-CORE: KC, Lymes, microsporum
CATS
- CORE: Panleuko (FIE), Herpes, calici, rabies
- NON-CORE: FeLV, Chlamydia
Principles of immunoprophylaxis. Vaccination of dogs and cats.
Immunoprophylaxis
Active: Exposure, vaccination
Passive: Hyperimmune serum from donor
-Can be used onset of disease
Immunity at life stages
Early post-natal - mAb (puppies born a-globulinaemic)
Adult - Immunosuppression can result from
- external infections: infection
- external non-inf: steroids, toxins, stress
- Internal: endocrine, pregnancy
Window of susceptibility
-mAb is to low to protect but high enough to suppress puppy immune response to vaccines (8-10 weeks)
8–>12–>16wks to ensure “window of susceptibility” does not interfere with immunisation. Boosters at 1 / 3 years.
Vaccination protocol
Polyvalent / monovalent
modified (attenuated) live / killed
CANINE
CORE: parvo, distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, rabies
NON-CORE: KC, lymes, microsporum, lepto, flu, corona
FELINE
CORE: PanLeukopenia (FIE), herpes, calici, rabies
NON-CORE: FeLV, chlamydia, microsporum
FIP + FIV - exist but NOT RECOMMENDED
Protozoonosis of GIT (Giardia, cryptosporidum, isospora, sarcocystis, toxoplasma, neospora)
Giardia Assemblages - C+D (canis), F (cati) -FO -binary fission --> spores in faeces -destruction of enterocytes --> D+ + malabsorption (steatorrhea) FAUST float faecal smear
Cryptosporidium canis, felis Usually asymptomatic Thin and thick shells -autoinfection (thin) Dx: stain (kingyoung B+P, carbolfuchsin R+W, ZN G+R)
Isospora canis, ohioensis (eimeria family)
PH - Rodent
Bloody mucoid D+
anaemia
Endogenous development
-can disseminate to LN’s, liver and spleen
DDx - Eimeria and Isospora
-Eimeria has eosin staining cells iso does not
T: toltrazuril
Sarcocystis bovicanis, ovifelis
FH enterocyte –> shed eggs –> infect IH (ruminant) –> gamonts in artery and arterioles –> rupture and encyst in muscles –> FH eats
Dx: digestive method
Toxoplasma gondii Felids Eggs --> enterocytes --> pseudocysts (tachyzoites) --> calcification --> cysts (bradyzoites) --> FH eats --> GIT --> Cysts in tissues (including foetus, CNS, ocular) Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine spiramycin if pregnant
Neospora
- Encysts in ruminant muscle
- Transplacental –> CNS issues in puppies
- Immunocompromised manifest disease
- Divides in enterocytes
