Infectious Diseases & Immunity

Question 1

what is an infectious disease

Answer 1

A disease that can be transmitted from one organism to another

Question 2

Are Viruses living or non living

Answer 2

Viruses are non living as they don’t compose of cells and don’t check the MRS GREN living checklist

Question 3

Are Bacteria Living or Non Living

Answer 3

They are living as they a cellular and tick the MRS GREN checklist

Question 4

Why Are Antibiotics Safe For Viruses & Humans

Answer 4

Antibiotics target micro organisms with cell walls and human cells lack cell walls while viruses use a protein coat instead

Question 5

Indirect transmission

Answer 5

the spread of a disease through touching objects an infected individual has touched

Question 6

indirect transmission prevention

Answer 6

disinfecting surfaces

Question 7

contaminated food and water

Answer 7

food and water containing pathogens that cause disease when ingested

Question 8

contaminated food prevention

Answer 8

washing hands before cooking, separating cutting boards, cooking meat.

Question 9

pathogen

Answer 9

an agent that causes infectious disease and can be found in the form of a virus, fungi, and bacteria

Question 10

contagious and non contagious

Answer 10

Contagious diseases are transmitted by close contact and spread through pathogens where as non contagious diseases don’t spread through contact and are more difficult to get.

Question 11

antibiotics

Answer 11

medications that specifically targets bacteria internally and kills or inhibits their growth.

Question 12

bacterial structure

Answer 12

uni cellular, has a flagellum which helps with movement, pilli which stick to surfaces, cell wall which protects it, cell membrane which controls what enters and exits the cell, ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, DNA which stores the cells genetic information

Question 13

how viruses replicate and create disease

Answer 13

viruses use host cells organelles to make new copies of themselves.
when they invade the cell it stops functioning causing disease
the host cell can burst and die when full of viruses \

Question 14

direct transmission and prevention

Answer 14

physical contact with an infected individual. Prevented by using physical barriers

Question 15

disease

Answer 15

an illness caused by an organisms body not functioning

Question 16

vector and prevention

Answer 16

An insect or animal that transmits a pathogen through bites. Prevented by using protective clothes and repellent.

Question 17

virus structure

Answer 17

envelope protein-used to attach to host cells, envelope-used for protection, DNA-holds genetic information, protein capsule-used to protect DNA. Viruses are microscopic and are non cellular.

Question 18

how bacteria reproduce and cause disease

Answer 18

by duplicating their DNA and elongating into two new seperate organisms, they release toxins into the blood stream and if in the right conditions can grow to large and cause tissue damage.

Question 19

airborne transmission

Answer 19

when an infected individual coughs, or sneezes droplets containing pathogens into the air.

Question 20

airborne transmission prevention

Answer 20

disinfecting surfaces, covering your mouth when coughing, wearing a mask.

Question 21

All the features of the first line of defence

Answer 21

cilia, mucus, acid, lysosomes, skin

Question 22

skin

Answer 22

a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body

Question 23

mucus

Answer 23

a chemical and physical barrier that traps pathogens due to its stickiness and uses enzymes to dissolve said pathogens
found in the digestive, respiratory and reproductive system.

Question 24

cilia

Answer 24

a physical barrier made up of tiny hairs that push pathogen filled mucus out of the body by moving up and down

Question 25

acid

Answer 25

a chemical barrier that destroys pathogens or inhibits their growth. found in the stomach, piss and sweat

Question 26

lysosomes

Answer 26

a type of enzyme that breaks down pathogens and inhibits their growth, found in sweat, tears and saliva

Question 27

phagocytes

Answer 27

a type of white blood cell that travels through blood to protects the body from pathogens by engulfing them.

Question 28

Characteristics of the second line of defence

Answer 28

Fever, inflammation, and phagocytosis

Question 29

phagocytosis

Answer 29

A phagocyte identifies a non self cell, changes its shape to engulf the pathogen, engulfs the pathogen, fuses the pathogen with a lysosome which injects enzymes into the pathogen, pathogen breaks down into small pieces and is released from the phagocyte.

Question 30

Inflamation

Answer 30

An infected wound that swells up, is painful and red and throbbing.

Question 31

Swelling explained

Answer 31

fluid build up in tissue

Question 32

redness explained

Answer 32

rush of blood to site of infection

Question 33

inflammation explained

Answer 33

stretching of skin due to pressure

Question 34

write down the inflammation process

Answer 34

in four easy steps: 1. the body is impaled which causes an infection causing surrounding cells to release histamines. 2. Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate and become permeable. 3. phagocytes arrive at the site of infection and engulf pathogens. 4. Wound becomes inflamed and and filled with pus due to a mix of dead pathogens and used phagocytes forming fluid(pus).

Question 35

permeable

Answer 35

allowing blood to flow through

Question 36

Fever

Answer 36

Elevated body temperarture

Question 37

cause of fever

Answer 37

caused by phagocytes engulfing pathogens and releasing chemicals that message the brain to increase body temperature.

Question 38

fever symptoms

Answer 38

shivering and sweating and high fevers.

Question 39

How fevers defend the body

Answer 39

by reducing pathogen growth rate and increasing the bodies metabolic activity causing white blood cells to respond quicker.

Question 40

shivering explained

Answer 40

use dto incline the bodies temperature.

Question 41

sweating explained

Answer 41

used to return internal temperatures back to 37 degrees

Question 42

histamine

Answer 42

a compound which is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

Question 43

third line of defence

Answer 43

responds to specific pathogens by using B lymphocytes to produce antibodies

Question 44

How do B Lymphocytes protect the body

Answer 44

It recognises its specific pathogen using antigens and releases antibodies to attach to the pathogen, antibodies will then destroy the pathogen or alert phagocytes to come and devour it.

Question 44

B Lymphocytes

Answer 44

A type of white blood cell that is located in the lymph-nodes.

Question 45

memory cells

Answer 45

The daughter cells of lymphocytes, they last a long time and generate rapid response antibodies for their specific pathogen

Question 46

Immunity

Answer 46

The resistance to a specific infectious disease achieved by the production of antibodies and memory cells.

Question 47

Natural Immunity

Answer 47

Obtained by the body creating antibodies and memory cells after exposure to and infectious disease.

Question 48

Artificial Immunity

Answer 48

Obtained by the body creating memory cells and antibodies after the body receives a vaccine.

Question 49

Vaccine

Answer 49

a substance that stimulates a a specific immune response. They contain dead, bits of or weakened pathogens.

Question 50

Herd Immunity

Answer 50

When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated.

Question 51

How Herd Immunity Keeps Others Safes

Answer 51

The spread of disease is reduced and therefore un vaccinated people have a reduced chance of getting the disease.