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B7 Immuno > Infectious Diseases And Medical Micro Intro > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases And Medical Micro Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What’re the top 2 “medical killers” of the world?

A

Ischemic heart diseases

And

Cerebrovascular disease

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2
Q

1/4 patients with AIDS will develop…

A

CMD Retinitis

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3
Q

What’s the #1 infectious disease “medical killer?”

A

Lower Respiratour Infections

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4
Q

1 leading death in Low Income Countries

A

LRI

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5
Q

1 Cause of death High Income Countries

A

CHD

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6
Q

1 leading cause of blindness?

A

Cataract

Trachoma

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7
Q

Trachoma is related to which disease?

A

Chlamydia

Chlamydia Tramstatis A B & C cause Trachoma, which is #1 leading infectious disease related cause of blindness

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8
Q

“Presence of microbe on or in the body”

A

Colonization

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9
Q

“Organism harmfully invades”

A

Infection

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10
Q

Is infections required for bacterial-related disease?

A

NO!

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11
Q

Microbe that replicates either independently or withthe host AND is capable of provoking an adverse response in the host

A

Infectious Disease Agent (Pathogen!)

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12
Q

A disease without colonization but have ingestion of pre-formed _______.

Are they responsive to antibiotics?

Treatment?

A

Toxins

No

Anti-toxin therapy

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13
Q

Non cellular pathogens

A

Viruses and Prions

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14
Q

Prokaryotic pathogens

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

Eukaryotic pathogens

A

Parasites, fungi, protests

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16
Q

Prions, a non-cellular pathogen, can cause what disease

A

Mad Cow Disease

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17
Q

Pathogen is in diseased animal, isolate the pathogen, grow it in culture, inoculate healthy animal with pathogen and cause disease. Inoculate new pathogen, it will be the same as the original isolate.

What is this?

A

Koch’ Postulates

Not used in modern medicine, because its unethical in humans

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18
Q

Sterile body sites (4)

A

blood

Inner part of eye

CSF

Lower respiratory tract

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19
Q

What commonly contaminates the lower respiratory tract?

A

Coag. Neg. Staph.

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20
Q

What does a “non-sterile” body site mean?

A

Contains normal flora.

Eye, mouth, nose, upper respiratory tract, skin, GI, urethra.

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21
Q

Example of a culture-based ID diagnosis, where you obtain the appropriate specimen

A

Gram-stain

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22
Q

Example of non-culture-based ID diagnosis where you detect pathogen-specific antibodies in patients serum

A

ELISA

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23
Q

Example of a General non-specific, non-culture-based test

A

CBC

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24
Q

What does KOH do in a KOH Wet Prep?

A

Dissolves keratin on fungi and fungal hyphae

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25
Q

What is the main difference between KOH and CWF prep?

A

KOH uses 10% KOH and it will dissolve tissues (keratin) but not the fungal cell wall.

CWF will use 10% KOH+CWF to dissolve tissue AND binds to the fungal wall.

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26
Q

What appears bright white in CWF staining?

A

Fungi and acanthamoeba

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27
Q

Microscopy stain that dissolves keratin but not chitin or cellulose

A

KOH stain

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28
Q

Microscopy stain that dissolves tissue and binds to chitin in fungal wall

A

CWF stain

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29
Q

What is the most common bacterial stain?

A

Gram Stain

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30
Q

Steps of a Gram Stain

A
  1. Heat fix smear
  2. Crystal violet dye, cells take up the dye
  3. Place iodine on plate, cells appear purple
  4. Decolonize with alcohol
  5. Counterstain with safranin (red dye)
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31
Q

In a gram stain, why is iodine used?

A

To seal the thicks walls, and differentiate them from a thin wall.

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32
Q

In a gram stain, what is the first dye used? Last?

A

Crystal violet

Safranin red

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33
Q

What color do gram-Positive cells appear in a gram stain?

A

PURPLE (P)

34
Q

What color do gram-NEGATIVE cells appear in a gram stain?

A

RED/PINK

Red=negative

35
Q

Gram positive cells have a lot of..

A

Peptidoglycan

36
Q

What type of cocci are gram positive?

A

Staphylococci and streptococci

All cocci except diplococci (Neisseria and Moraxella)

37
Q

What 2 types of cocci are gram negative?

A

Both are diplococci, Neisseria and Moraxella`

38
Q

Vast majority of pathogens are:

A

Gram negative rods

39
Q

Pairs of spherical cells

A

Diplococci

40
Q

Chains of spherical cells

A

Streptococci

41
Q

Clusters of spherical cells

A

Staphylococcus

42
Q

Rod shaped cells

A

Bacilli

43
Q

Comma shaped spiral bacteria

A

Vibrio

44
Q

Thin-walled helical spiral cells, without flagella

A

Spirochetes

45
Q

Thick walled helical spiral cells flagella

A

Spirilla

46
Q

Treponema pallidum causes what type of disease?

What type of cells is it?

What’s the issue with it on a gram stain?

A

Syphyllis

Spiral

You cannot see it on a gram stain

47
Q

Ziehl-Nielsen is a type of what kind of stain?

A

Acid Fast

48
Q

What type of stain is used in Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast) stains?

What is the counterstain?

A

Carbolfuschin, a primary red stain

Methylene blue

49
Q

Steps of a Ziehl-Nielsen stain

A
  1. Smear and heat fix
  2. Flood with carbolfuschin red
  3. Cells stain red
  4. Decolonize with acid alcohol
  5. Counterstain with methylene blue
50
Q

What is the point of decolorizing an acid-fast stain with acid-alcohol?

A

Because the acid-fast bacteria can withstand it, allowing them to stay red and non-acid fast cells will become decolorized (due to alcohol then blue due to 2nd dye)

51
Q

Acid-fast staining is primarily used for ___________________ ____________

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

52
Q

What test can be used to identify chlamydia?

How can you tell?

A

Wright-Giemsa Stain

There will be inclusion bodies (intracelllular epithelial pockets) stained with Iodine (yellow)

53
Q

Staining where fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies tag infected cells

A

Immunofleuorescence stains

54
Q

What staining can identify viral keratitis?

What can this disease infect?

A

Immunofluorescence stains

The eye, its a form of Herpes

55
Q

What stains identifies keratoconjunctivitis?

What causes this disease?

A

Immunofluorescence strain

It’s caused by chlamydia trachomatis

56
Q

Historic “gold standard” of microbiology

A

Culture and Sensitivity

57
Q

What are 2 types of unculturable bacteria?

A

Chlamydia and syphylis

58
Q

Negative may be false negative, positive may be contaminant

A

Caveat

59
Q

Culture media used to cultivate microbes

A

Agar

60
Q

What are the 4 main types of agar?

A

General - broad range

Enriched - extra growth nutrients, fastidious

Selective - prevents growth of certain organisms

Differential - has visual clues to identify

61
Q

3 main special types of Agar

A

Blood agar

Chocolate agar

Thayer-Martin Agar

62
Q

Blood agar is a special type of __________ agar and will show what?

A

Differential

Hemolysis, grows general media

63
Q

Chocolate agar is blood agar, but what is different?

What 2 bacteria can it identify?

A

The blood is already lysed.

Haemophilus and Neisseria

64
Q

Thayer-Martin Agar will only grow…

A

Neisseria.

65
Q

MacKonkey agar is a type of what special agar, and will only grow..

A

Select agar

Gram-negative rods

66
Q

Mannitol Salt Agar is a type of what kind of agar, and only grows…

A

Select agar

Staphylococci

67
Q

Collection tips must be cleaned with betadine/chlorhexidine and NOT ETOH because?

A

Coag. Neg. Staph. may survive and show a false positive / contaminate

68
Q

When swabbing a wound, Why must you make sure it has minimum exposure to air?

A

Because it would have anaerobic organisms

69
Q

3 diseases in which you collect eye-related specimens

A

Conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis

70
Q

Lowest drug level that inhibits/stops bacterial replication

A

MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)

71
Q

Lowest drug level that kills bacteria

A

MBC (Minimal bactericidal concentration )

72
Q

When doing a culture and sensitivity (C&S), which will always test numerically higher than the other? MBC or MIC

A

MBC is alwAys greater than MIC

Bactericidal > inhibitory

73
Q

What is the most common fermenter of lactose?

A

E. Coli

74
Q

3 types of ELISA, what do they probe for, what’s the most common?

A

Direct - antigen

Indirect - antibody to an antigen

Sandwich - antigen is sandwiched between 2 antibodies (most common, pregnancy test)

75
Q

ELISA and agglutination tests are an example of ______ tests

A

Rapid

76
Q

Real time PCR is an example of a __________ test

A

Molecular

77
Q

In a CBC/WBC, neutrophils point to a _____________ infection and lymphocytosis/neutropenia suggests a _______ infection

A

BActerial

Viral

78
Q

2 kidney tests

A

Creatinine and BUN

79
Q

Liver test

A

Bilirubin

80
Q

Inflammation test

A

CRP (c-reactive protein)

B7 Immuno (2 decks)

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