Infectious Diseases And Medical Micro Intro Flashcards by Jeremy Penn

What’re the top 2 “medical killers” of the world?

Ischemic heart diseases

And

Cerebrovascular disease

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1/4 patients with AIDS will develop…

CMD Retinitis

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What’s the #1 infectious disease “medical killer?”

Lower Respiratour Infections

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1 leading death in Low Income Countries

LRI

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1 Cause of death High Income Countries

CHD

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1 leading cause of blindness?

Cataract

Trachoma

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Trachoma is related to which disease?

Chlamydia

Chlamydia Tramstatis A B & C cause Trachoma, which is #1 leading infectious disease related cause of blindness

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“Presence of microbe on or in the body”

Colonization

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“Organism harmfully invades”

Infection

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Is infections required for bacterial-related disease?

NO!

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Microbe that replicates either independently or withthe host AND is capable of provoking an adverse response in the host

Infectious Disease Agent (Pathogen!)

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A disease without colonization but have ingestion of pre-formed _______.

Are they responsive to antibiotics?

Treatment?

Toxins

Anti-toxin therapy

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Non cellular pathogens

Viruses and Prions

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Prokaryotic pathogens

Bacteria

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Eukaryotic pathogens

Parasites, fungi, protests

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Prions, a non-cellular pathogen, can cause what disease

Mad Cow Disease

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Pathogen is in diseased animal, isolate the pathogen, grow it in culture, inoculate healthy animal with pathogen and cause disease. Inoculate new pathogen, it will be the same as the original isolate.

What is this?

Koch’ Postulates

Not used in modern medicine, because its unethical in humans

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Sterile body sites (4)

blood

Inner part of eye

CSF

Lower respiratory tract

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What commonly contaminates the lower respiratory tract?

Coag. Neg. Staph.

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What does a “non-sterile” body site mean?

Contains normal flora.

Eye, mouth, nose, upper respiratory tract, skin, GI, urethra.

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Example of a culture-based ID diagnosis, where you obtain the appropriate specimen

Gram-stain

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Example of non-culture-based ID diagnosis where you detect pathogen-specific antibodies in patients serum

ELISA

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Example of a General non-specific, non-culture-based test

CBC

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What does KOH do in a KOH Wet Prep?

Dissolves keratin on fungi and fungal hyphae

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What is the main difference between KOH and CWF prep?

KOH uses 10% KOH and it will dissolve tissues (keratin) but not the fungal cell wall. CWF will use 10% KOH+CWF to dissolve tissue AND binds to the fungal wall.

What appears bright white in CWF staining?

Fungi and acanthamoeba

Microscopy stain that dissolves keratin but not chitin or cellulose

KOH stain

Microscopy stain that dissolves tissue and binds to chitin in fungal wall

CWF stain

What is the most common bacterial stain?

Gram Stain

Steps of a Gram Stain

1. Heat fix smear 2. Crystal violet dye, cells take up the dye 3. Place iodine on plate, cells appear purple 4. Decolonize with alcohol 5. Counterstain with safranin (red dye)

In a gram stain, why is iodine used?

To seal the thicks walls, and differentiate them from a thin wall.

In a gram stain, what is the first dye used? Last?

Crystal violet Safranin red

What color do gram-Positive cells appear in a gram stain?

PURPLE (P)

What color do gram-NEGATIVE cells appear in a gram stain?

RED/PINK Red=negative

Gram positive cells have a lot of..

Peptidoglycan

What type of cocci are gram positive?

Staphylococci and streptococci All cocci except diplococci (Neisseria and Moraxella)

What 2 types of cocci are gram negative?

Both are diplococci, Neisseria and Moraxella`

Vast majority of pathogens are:

Gram negative rods

Pairs of spherical cells

Diplococci

Chains of spherical cells

Streptococci

Clusters of spherical cells

Staphylococcus

Rod shaped cells

Bacilli

Comma shaped spiral bacteria

Vibrio

Thin-walled helical spiral cells, without flagella

Spirochetes

Thick walled helical spiral cells flagella

Spirilla

Treponema pallidum causes what type of disease? What type of cells is it? What's the issue with it on a gram stain?

Syphyllis Spiral You cannot see it on a gram stain

Ziehl-Nielsen is a type of what kind of stain?

Acid Fast

What type of stain is used in Ziehl-Neelsen (acid-fast) stains? What is the counterstain?

Carbolfuschin, a primary red stain Methylene blue

Steps of a Ziehl-Nielsen stain

1. Smear and heat fix 2. Flood with carbolfuschin red 3. Cells stain red 4. Decolonize with acid alcohol 5. Counterstain with methylene blue

What is the point of decolorizing an acid-fast stain with acid-alcohol?

Because the acid-fast bacteria can withstand it, allowing them to stay red and non-acid fast cells will become decolorized (due to alcohol then blue due to 2nd dye)

Acid-fast staining is primarily used for ___________________ ____________

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

What test can be used to identify chlamydia? How can you tell?

Wright-Giemsa Stain There will be inclusion bodies (intracelllular epithelial pockets) stained with Iodine (yellow)

Staining where fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies tag infected cells

Immunofleuorescence stains

What staining can identify viral keratitis? What can this disease infect?

Immunofluorescence stains The eye, its a form of Herpes

What stains identifies keratoconjunctivitis? What causes this disease?

Immunofluorescence strain It's caused by chlamydia trachomatis

Historic "gold standard" of microbiology

Culture and Sensitivity

What are 2 types of unculturable bacteria?

Chlamydia and syphylis

Negative may be false negative, positive may be contaminant

Caveat

Culture media used to cultivate microbes

Agar

What are the 4 main types of agar?

General - broad range Enriched - extra growth nutrients, fastidious Selective - prevents growth of certain organisms Differential - has visual clues to identify

3 main special types of Agar

Blood agar Chocolate agar Thayer-Martin Agar

Blood agar is a special type of __________ agar and will show what?

Differential Hemolysis, grows general media

Chocolate agar is blood agar, but what is different? What 2 bacteria can it identify?

The blood is already lysed. Haemophilus and Neisseria

Thayer-Martin Agar will only grow...

Neisseria.

MacKonkey agar is a type of what special agar, and will only grow..

Select agar Gram-negative rods

Mannitol Salt Agar is a type of what kind of agar, and only grows...

Select agar Staphylococci

Collection tips must be cleaned with betadine/chlorhexidine and NOT ETOH because?

Coag. Neg. Staph. may survive and show a false positive / contaminate

When swabbing a wound, Why must you make sure it has minimum exposure to air?

Because it would have anaerobic organisms

3 diseases in which you collect eye-related specimens

Conjunctivitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis

Lowest drug level that inhibits/stops bacterial replication

MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)

Lowest drug level that kills bacteria

MBC (Minimal bactericidal concentration )

When doing a culture and sensitivity (C&S), which will always test numerically higher than the other? MBC or MIC

MBC is alwAys greater than MIC Bactericidal > inhibitory

What is the most common fermenter of lactose?

E. Coli

3 types of ELISA, what do they probe for, what's the most common?

Direct - antigen Indirect - antibody to an antigen Sandwich - antigen is sandwiched between 2 antibodies (most common, pregnancy test)

ELISA and agglutination tests are an example of ______ tests

Rapid

Real time PCR is an example of a __________ test

Molecular

In a CBC/WBC, neutrophils point to a _____________ infection and lymphocytosis/neutropenia suggests a _______ infection

BActerial Viral

2 kidney tests

Creatinine and BUN

Liver test

Bilirubin

Inflammation test

CRP (c-reactive protein)