Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

4MB Medicine > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the criteria for SIRS

A 
2 or more of
Temperature above 38 or below 36
Heart rate above 90
Resp rate above 20 or PaCO2 below 32
WCC over 12k or below 4k
Hyperglycaemia in absence of diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define “sepsis”

A

Confirmed SIRS and suspected/present infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define “severe sepsis”

A

Sepsis with organ dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of evidence of organ dysfunction in severe sepsis

A 
Arterial hypoxaemia
Oliguria
Thrombocytopenia
Hypotension
Raised Cr
Raised lactate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define “septic shock”

A 
Arterial hypotension (systolic below 90, mean below 65) for 1 hour despite fluid resuscitation
Lactate above 4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the definition of pyrexia of unknown origin?

A

Temperature above 38.3 for more than 3 weeks with no obvious cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Suggest some causes of pyrexia of unknown origin

A 
CTD's (Marfan's, EDS)
Rheumatoid arthritis
PMR
Tumours
Drugs
PE
IBD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List some investigations you would do in pyrexia of unknown origin

A

FBC, U+E, albumin
Renal function
CXR
Immunology (antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is nosocomial fever?

A

Temperature above 38 occurring 48h after hospital admission, usually as a result of environmental exposure or medical intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List causes of nosocomial fever

A 
Risk factors (alcoholism, CVD, faecal incontinence, ulcers, indwelling catheters, malignancy, procedures)
Infection (UTI, pneumonia, skin, prosthesis, AIDS)
Inflammation (vasculitis, aspiration, autoimmunity, drugs)
Ischaemia (MI, stroke, PE, bowel obstruction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which organisms cause malaria?

A

P vivax
P ovale
P malare
P falciparum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List some symptoms and signs of malaria

A 
Fever
Rigors
Headache
Dizziness
Jaundice
Flushed
Sweating for hours
Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is malaria investigated?

A

Serial thin + thick blood film

FBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline treatment for malaria

A

Chloroquine
Primaquine
Prophylaxis for travellers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which organism causes typhoid? How is it spread?

A

Salmonella typhi

Faeco-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some symptoms and signs of typhoid

A 
Malaise
High fever
Bradycardia
Cough
Constipation
Abdo pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is typhoid investigated?

A

Blood/bone marrow culture

LFT’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Outline treatment for typhoid

A

Fluid replacement and nutrition

Ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which organism causes dysentry? How is it spread?

A

Shigella

Faeco-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

List some symptoms and signs of dysentry

A 
Abdo pain
Bloody diarrhoea
Sudden fever
Headache
Neck stiffness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is dysentry investigated?

A

Stool culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which organism causes cholera? How is it spread?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Faeco-oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List symptoms and signs of cholera

A

Profuse “ricewater” stools
Fever
Vomiting
Rapid dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is cholera investigated?

A

Stool culture and microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Outline treatment of cholera
Sachet rehydration Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin Barrier nursing
26
List some common signs of tropical infections and suggest diseases behind them
``` Jaundice (hepatitis, liver abscess, yellow fever) Diarrhoea, vomiting Erythema nodosum (sarcoid, TB, Strep) Itch (scabies) Ulcers/nodules (leishmaniasis) ```
27
``` Suggest sources of infection of the following organisms that cause gastroenteritis: Staph aureus Bacillus cereus Salmonella Clostridium perfringens Campylobacter Listeria E. coli 0157 Cryptosporidium ```
``` Staph aureus (meat) Bacillus cereus (rice) Salmonella (poultry, dairy) Clostridium perfringens (meat) Campylobacter (poultry) Listeria (cheese) E. coli 0157 (raw meet) Cryptosporidium (cows) ```
28
Which of the hepatitis viruses are DNA and which are RNA?
A, C, D and E are RNA viruses | B is DNA virus
29
How is hepatitis A spread?
Faeco-oral Travellers Institutions (workplaces)
30
List some symptoms and signs of hepatitis A
``` Fever Jaundice Malaise Arthralgia Anorexia Nausea ```
31
What are the notable investigation results for hepatitis A?
Raised AST and ALT | IgM/IgG antibody
32
Outline treatment for hepatitis A
Supportive Avoid alcohol Interferon-alpha
33
How is hepatitis B spread?
Blood products IV drug use Sex Haemophiliacs
34
List some symptoms and signs of hepatitis B
``` Fever Jaundice Malaise Arthralgia Anorexia Nausea Extrahepatic features ```
35
What are the notable investigation results for hepatitis B?
Hep B S Ag | Hep B e Ag
36
Outline treatment for hepatitis B
Vaccination Avoid alcohol Peg-interferon Antivirals
37
How is hepatitis C spread?
Blood transfusions IV drug use Sex
38
List symptoms and signs of hepatitis C
Mild/asymptomatic compared to hep A and B | May develop cirrhosis
39
What are the notable investigation results for hepatitis C?
Deranged LFT's Anti Hep C virus antibody PCR Positive liver biopsy
40
Outline treatment of hepatitis C
Ribavirin | Peg-interferon
41
How is Giardia spread?
``` Faeco-oral Travel Anal sex Playgroups Swimming Pets, animals Contaminated water ```
42
List symptoms and signs of Giardia infection
``` Bloating Flatulence Abdo pain Loose stools Explosive diarrhoea Malabsorption Loss of weight ```
43
How is Giardia investigated?
Direct fluorescent antibody assay Repeated stool microscopy Duodenal fluid analysis
44
Outline treatment of Giardia
Good hygiene Tinidazole Avoid alcohol and milk
45
Which organism causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetanii
46
How is tetanus spread?
Spores in faeces, soil, dust, instruments Diabetics have increased risk Recent wounds/skin breaks
47
List symptoms and signs of tetanus
``` May appear 1 day to several months after injury Fever Malaise Headache Trismus Grin-like posture Spasms Autonomic upset Arched body ```
48
How is tetanus treated?
``` ABCDE approach, may need intubation/tracheostomy Human tetanus Ig IV Diazepam for spasms Metronidazole, benzylpenicillin Active vaccination, wound cleansing ```
49
List common infections caused by Staphylococci
Pneumonia Endocarditis Septic arthritis Osteomyelitis
50
List common infections caused by Streptococci
``` Wound and skin infections Necrotising fasciitis Pneumonia Glomerulonephritis Tonsillitis Meningitis ```
51
List common infections caused by Clostridia
Tetanus Gas gangrene Colitis Paralysis
52
Which strain of herpes virus is usually associated with genital herpes?
HSV-2
53
List symptoms and signs of genital herpes
Flu-like ilness Grouped vesicles/papules around groin and throat Shallow ulcers
54
How is genital herpes investigated?
Viral swab of penetrated ulcer for PCR
55
Which strain of herpes virus is usually associated with encephalitis?
HSV-1
56
Which part of the brain does herpes virus typically affect?
Frontal and temporal lobes
57
List symptoms and signs of herpes encephalitis
``` Fever Fits Headache Odd behaviour Dysphasia Hemiparesis ```
58
How is herpes encephalitis investigated?
CSF PCR (may be positive up to 5 days after treatment) CT/MRI/EEG Antibody titre
59
Which strain of herpes causes chickenpox and shingles?
Varicella zoster
60
List symptom and signs of chickenpox and shingles
``` Contagious febrile illness Crops of blisters that scab after days Pain in dermatomal distribution Fever Malaise ```
61
What is the general treatment for herpes virus infections?
Aciclovir | Paracetamol
62
What is infectious mononucleosis and which organism causes it?
Glandular fever caused by EBV | Attacks B-cells and causes proliferation of cytotoxic T-cells
63
How is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?
Kissing | Saliva, droplet spread
64
List symptoms and signs of infectious mononucleosis
``` Sore throat Fever Malaise Lymphadenopathy Palatal petechiae Splenomegaly ```
65
What are some complications of infectious mononucleosis?
``` Meningitis, encephalitis CN lesions (esp. VII) Neuropathy Thrombocytopenia Splenic rupture ```
66
What investigations are done for infectious mononucleosis?
``` Blood film (lymphocytosis, atypical lymphocytes) Monospot antibody test shoes heterophilic antibodies ```
67
What diseases/conditions can give a false +ve Monospot antibody test?
``` Hepatitis Parovirus Lymphoma Leukaemia Pancreatic cancer ```
68
How is infectious mononucleosis treated?
Avoid alcohol Steroid if very swollen NEVER AMOXICILLIN
69
When does CMV typically infect? How is it spread?
After acute infections | Spread by direct contact esp in health workplaces, blood transfusions, organ transplants
70
List signs and symptoms of CMV infection
``` Fever Pneumonitis Hepatitis Retinitis Jaundice Hepatosplenomegaly ```
71
How is CMV investigated?
Serology (IgM if acute) | PCR of blood/CSF/broncho lavage
72
Outline treatment for CMV
Rest and fluids Ganciclovir IV if serious Weekly PCR post-transplantation
73
List symptoms and signs of tuberculosis infection
``` Malaise Weight loss Night sweats Haemoptysis Pleurisy Genitourinary disturbance (loin pain, dysuria) Vertebral collapse Meningitis ```
74
How is TB investigated?
Latent TB: Mantoux test, IFN-gamma test Active TB: CXR, sputum microscopy for acid-fast bacilli on ZN staining Bronchoscopy + lavage if no sputum production
75
List TB investigations in order of fastest to slowest
PCR ZN stain Culture
76
Outline treatment regime for pulmonary TB
RIPE: Rifampicin, Isoniazide, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol 2 months RIPE, 4 months RI Monitor renal and liver function
77
Outline treatment regime for CNS TB
RIPE: Rifampicin, Isoniazide, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol 2 months RIPE, 10 months RI Monitor renal and liver function
78
What are the notable side effects of rifampicin?
Hepatitis Orange secretions Inactivates OCP
79
What are the notable side effects of isoniazide?
Hepatitis Neuropathy Agranulocytosis
80
What are the notable side effects of pyrazinamide?
Hepatitis Arthralgia Gout Porphyrias
81
What are the notable side effects of ethambutol?
Hepatitis | Colour blindness
82
How is influenza investigated?
Nasopharyngeal swab for culture/PCR | Serology
83
How is toxoplasma gondii spread?
Poorly cooked meat Animals (esp cats) Soil, faecal contact (cat litter)
84
List symptoms and signs of toxoplasmosis
Sore throat/glandular fever Eye pain Focal neurology if serious
85
How is toxoplasmosis investigated?
Antibody titre (IgM specific) PCR Lymph node and CNS biopsy CT scan shows ringed lesions
86
Outline toxoplasmosis treatment
Self-limiting Pyrimethanine + sulfadiazine Cook food properly, good hygiene
87
What type of virus is HIV? How is it spread?
RNA retrovirus that attacks and depletes CD4 cells Spread via sexual contact, infected blood products and IV drug abuse Also perinatal spread risk
88
List symptoms and signs of HIV infection
``` Acutely may be asymptomatic with transient illness (fever, malaise, rash, myalgia) Persistent generalised lymphadenopathy Night sweats Fever Diarrhoea Weight loss Opportunistic infections ```
89
List some opportunistic infections that may occur due to HIV
``` Oral candidiasis Herpes Seborrhoeic dermatitis Leukoencephalopathy PCP Toxoplasmosis Meningitis Tuberculosis ```
90
Outline investigations done for HIV
``` Serum/salivary HIV antibody (ELISA) PCR or core p24 antigen in plasma CD4 count Home kit testing Monitor U+E, Cr, Br Pregnancy test ```
91
How can HIV be prevented?
Safe sex (condoms) Screen high risk groups Educate drug users Control STI's
92
Outline post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV
Wash well Report to occupational health Hep B immunosation Follow up testing at 12 and 24 weeks
93
What therapy is used for HIV?
HAART (NNRTi + 2x NRTi) | e.g. efavirenz + zidovudine/emtricatibine/tenofivir/lamivudine

4MB Medicine (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions