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CLIN SCI 4 EX2 > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

causes of hyperthermia

A

1) Increased environmental temperature
2) Increased muscle activity (ie seizures)

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2
Q

what turns on true fever

A

1) Exogenous pyrogens
2) activated leukocytes
-cytokine production
-endogenous pyrogens
-hypothalmic set point

likely if they are sick with elevated fever

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3
Q

first thing that happens with true fever

A

animal stops eating

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4
Q

Cytokine associated with increased fever

A

IL-1

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5
Q

What are the causes of true fever

A

1) Infectious diseases
2) Primary immune diseases
3) Neoplasia
4) Drugs
5) Mis: pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism, tissue trauma

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6
Q

What causes true fever in cats

A

1) INFECTIOUS DISEASES
2) Drug reactions (tetracyclines,etc)
3) Also primary immune mediated and neoplasia (less common)

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7
Q

How do you treat cats with fever of unknown origin

A

Amoxicillin, or convenia and move on

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8
Q

If animal has uveitis without fever, it is likely

A

idiopathic

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9
Q

What are the classic flea borne agents

A

-Bartonella (henselae, clarridgeaie, koehlerae)
-Coxiella burnetti
-Mycoplasma (haemofelis, haemominutum, turicensis)
-Rickettsia felis
-Yersinia pestis

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10
Q

How do you tell if pale mucous membranes is from shock or anemia

A

PCV - next see if it is regenerative or not

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11
Q

You have a regenerative anemia, what is the likely causes

A

1) Blood loss
2) Blood lysis

evaluate for blood loss, total protein, and cytopathology

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12
Q

What are the classic tick borne agents

A

-Anaplasma (platys and phagocytophilum)
-Bartonella spp
-Babesia spp
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Cytauxzoon felis
-Ehrlichia canis, chaffeensis, ewingii
-Hepatozoon spp
-Rickettsia rickettsii

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13
Q

Hemolytic anemia infectious causes

A

-Hemoplasma
-Babesia
-Bartonella (dog)
-Cytauxzoon felis (cat)
-Ehrlichia spp (mainly thrombocytopenia)

do serology, culture or PCR

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14
Q

What are the causes of hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats

A

Primary: spherocytes, agglutination

Secondary: eg Vaccination, Spherocytes, agglutination

Infectious: Hemoplasma, Babesia, Bartonella (dog) - do serology, culture or PCR

Toxins: heinz bodies, radiographs for Zinc

Microangiopathic: Schistocytes, fragments

Hyposmolar

Hypophosphatemia

Congenital

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15
Q

A dog presents with signs of depression and lethargy. A CBC
documents anemia with > 60,000 reticulocytes and no evidence of
blood loss. A few spherocytes are seen and possible organisms
were in RBC. The dog had been bitten by a pitbull 2 weeks before

A

Babesia gibsoni

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16
Q

What Babesia species is associated with dog fighting

A

Babesia gibsoni

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17
Q

What is the vector of Babesia vogeli

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
lives indoors

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18
Q

What diseases does the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) have?

A

Ehrlichia canis
Babesia vogeli
Anaplasma platys
Rickettsia rickettsii
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Hepatozoon canis

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19
Q

Babesiosis causes

A

fever and hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

How do you diagnose Babesiosis

A

Serology
Organism demonstration (cytology, PCR)

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21
Q

How do you treat Babesia vogeli (canis)

A

Imidocarb dipropionate

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22
Q

How do you treat Babesi gibsoni

A

Azithromycin
Atovaquone
PCR negative post-RX

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23
Q

What causes Feline Infectious Anemia

A

-Mycoplasma haemofelis
-Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemominutum
-Candidatis Mycoplasma turicensis

-Fleas and fighting

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24
Q

T/F: Mycoplasma haemocanis is nonpathogenic

A

True- unless immune suprressed

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25
Q

How do you treat hemoplasmosis

A

Doxycycline
Quinolones

*dont have a cell-wall

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26
Q

What are the clinical findings of Hemoplasmosis

A

Acute: fever, pale mucous membranes, lethargy/depression, splenomegaly, icterus

Chronic: fever, recurrence of acute disease

Most are subclinical

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27
Q

How do you diagnose Hemoplasmosis

A

-Cytology (50% chance of being positive)
-PCR is most sensitive (takes longer)

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28
Q

1 year old MC outdoor cat in Oklahoma with acute onset of fever, dyspnea, anemia, and pale mucous membranes. What is the diagnosis

A

Cytauxzoon felis

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29
Q

What defintive host of Cytauxzoon felis

A

Bobcats
spread by Amblyomma americanum * and Dermacenter variabilis

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cytauxzoon felis

A

Fever
Shock
Anemia
Death

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31
Q

How do you treat Cytauxzoon felis

A

Atovaquone +
Azithromycin

(Same as Babesia gibsoni)

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32
Q

Why might a pet be “stiff”

A

Muscle pain
Joint pain
Meningeal pain
Bone pain
Parenchymal pain

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33
Q

Hunting cat, “stiff”, with uveitis in
Colorado
A. Toxoplasma gondii
B. Yersinia pestis
C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum
D. Bartonella henselae

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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34
Q

Why should you refrigerate feces with Toxoplasma gondii before testing

A

to prevent the sporulation in the environment, therefore decreasing the risk

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35
Q

1 clinical sign with vector borne diseases

A

fever - 95% of cases

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36
Q

What should you do if you see a dog with pale mucous membranes

A

1) Anemia or Shock: Do a PCV
2) Regenerative or non-regenative: based on reticulocytes
3) Regenerative anemia: loss or lysis
4) Final step: evaluate for blood loss, total protein, evaluate cytopathology

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37
Q

What are the diagnostic findings of primary immune hemolytic anemia

A

spherocytes
agglutination

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38
Q

What are the infectious causes of hemolytic anemia

A

-Hemoplasmas (dogs and cats)
-Babesia
-Cytauxzoon felis (cats)
-Bartonella spp (dogs, maybe)
-Ehrlichia spp (dogs and cts, maybe, mainly thrombocytopenia)

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39
Q

How do you tell reouleux from agglutination

A

drop saline

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40
Q

How do you treat feline infectious anemia

A

Doxycycline or Quinolones

should work for all causes Mycoplasma hemofelis, haemonominutum and turicensis)

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41
Q

What agents might you see in RBCs

A

Hemoplasmosis
Babesia
Cytauxzoon felis
Anaplasma

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42
Q

Whhy is Cytauxzoon felis only in the southeast

A

Spread by Amblyomma americanum

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43
Q

What hemolytic anemia cause is typially seen in pitbullas

A

Babesia gibsoni

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44
Q

T/F: cats are the only definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii

A

True- oocysts made in cat

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45
Q

Why do you likely not get toxoplasmosis from cats

A

cats pass unsporulated oocyts into the environment and need to sporulate in the environment (~3days)
-Most cats dont leave feces on bodies for 3 days
-Only shed for 2 weeks

Avoid transmission from uncooked meat (pork and goat)

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46
Q

What fatal syndromes does Toxoplasmosis cause

A

1) Immunosuppressed
2) Transplacental or neonatal infection: liver, lung, brain, fading kitten syndrome

dont let pregnant animals eat raw meats

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47
Q

Toxoplasmosis causes acute disease in

A

the immunosuppressed

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48
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic toxoplasmosis

A

-Fever
-Anterior or posterior uveitis *
-Hyperesthesia
-CNS disease
-Hepatic/pancreatic disease
-Respiratory disease
-Dermatologic- rare

cats more common than dogs

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49
Q

are dogs or cats more common to have chronic toxoplasmosis

A

cats

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50
Q

What is the intermediate host of Toxplasmosis gondii

A

any animal

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51
Q

T/F: most cats have Toxplasmosis gondii antibodies

A

true

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52
Q

Hematological changes seen with clinical toxoplasmosis

A

-Nonregenerative anemia
-Neutrophilic leukocytosis
-Neutropenia
-Lymphocytosis
-Monocytosis

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53
Q

Biochemical results seen with clinical toxoplasmosis

A

-Hyperbilirubinemia
-Increased ALT/AST
-Increased CK*
-Polyclonal gammopathy

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54
Q

T/F: fecal examination is usually positive when clinical signs of Toxplasmosis gondii show up

A

false- usually negative

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55
Q

Is IgM or IgG serology better for acute Toxplasmosis gondii cases

A

IgM

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56
Q

For diagnosing Toxplasmosis gondii what can you do PCR on

A

Aqueous humor
CSF
BAL/Aspirates/tissues

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57
Q

T/F: Single IgG titer for Toxplasmosis gondii has high positive predictive value

A

False- 30-40% of healthy cats are seropositive
but if you have IgG increasing titers then that has excellent PPV

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58
Q

Does IgM titers or IgG have a better positive predictive value for Toxplasmosis gondii

A

IgM but positives can also occur in healthy cats

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59
Q

How do you treat clinical toxoplasmosis

A

-Clindamycin
OR
-Azithromycin

ocular: treat with topical glucocorticoids (1% pred acetate) in all cases with uveitis and no ulcers so they dont get glaucoma and lens luxation

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60
Q

With ocular disease due to Toxoplasmosis, how do you treat it

A

treat with topical glucocorticoids (1% pred acetate) in all cases with uveitis and no ulcers so they dont get glaucoma and lens luxation

if resistant to topical use oral glucocorticoids or parenteral glucocorticoids

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61
Q

Ranch puppy, ascending “stiff” paralysis, previous abortion in the bitch
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Neospora caninum
C) Mycoplasma cynos
D) Brucella canis

A

B) Neospora caninum

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62
Q

How does Neospora caninum typically manifest

A

ascending stiff paralysis that starts at hind legs and can ascend until it reaches the diaphragm and causes death

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63
Q

What is the definitive host for Neospora caninum?

A

dogs

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64
Q

What is the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum?

A

31.3% of dogs on dairy farms
7.1% of urban dogs

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65
Q

How do dogs typically get Neospora caninum?

A

dog ingests aborted fetus, infected calf and/or afterbirth

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66
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Neospora caninum when less than 6 months?

A

-ascending neuromuscular disease
-Rigid
-Incontinence
-Dysphagia

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67
Q

What are the clinical manifestions of Neospora caninum when >6months

A

-LMN flaccid paralysis
-CND disease
-Polysystemic: fever, pneumonitis, myocarditis*, regurgitation/megaesophagus, ulcerative dermatitis, repeated abortions

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68
Q

What causes repeated abortions in the dog

A

Neospora caninum- seen in ranch dogs

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69
Q

How do you treat canine neosporosis

A

1) Trimethoprim-sulfa
AND
2) Clindamycin

dual therapy

long term treatment for months

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70
Q

Where is hepatozoon americanum

A

in the southeast US, texas to forida
spread by Amblyomma americanum

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71
Q

What tick spreads Hepatozoon americanum

A

Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)

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72
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatozoon americanum infection

A

-fever
-periosteal lesions (from tissue phase)
-extreme neutrophilia (>50,000)
-stiffness
-southern dogs

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73
Q

What is significant about the hepatozoon americanum lifecycle

A

the dog eats the tick and predation (coccidian cycle is in the tick)

Shizonts in tissues

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74
Q

How do you treat Hepatozoonosis

A

-Trimethoprim-sulfa
-Pyrimethamine
-Clindamycin
-Decoquinate

(2 drugs and decoquinate)- feed store source

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75
Q

How do you diagnose Hepatozoon americanum

A

Histopathology organism demonstration
PCR

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76
Q

protozoan that is spread through sporulated oocyts or undercooked meat
causes subclinical fever, muscle, uveitis, pneumonia, and CNS
tx w Clindamycin, azithromycin, and ponazuril
Zoonotic

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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77
Q

T/F: Neospora caninum is zoonotic

A

False

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78
Q

T/F: Toxoplasma gondii is zoonotic

A

True

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79
Q

T/F: Hepatozoon americanum is zoonotic

A

False

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80
Q

Is erosive or non-erosive polyarthritis more common

A

non-erosive (better prognosis)

non-erosive is seen with most infectious

except rheumatoid is typically erosive

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81
Q

On joint tap, immune or infectious causes are typically

A

neutrophilic (while mononuclear for orthopedic disease)

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82
Q

T/F: carprofen wont work for immune or infectious polyarthritis

A

True- only works for orthopedic

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83
Q

What are causes of primary immune mediated suppurative polyarthritis

A

-Idiopathic
-Systemic lupus erythrematosus

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83
Q

What are causes of secondary immune mediated suppurative polyarthrtis

A

vaccines, drugs, neoplasia

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84
Q

What are the causes of infectious suppurative polyarthritis

A

-Ehrlichia ewingii
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Ehrlichia canis (less common)
-Rickettsia rickettsii
-Bartonella vinsonii
-Mycoplasma spp
-Chronic diseases (immune complex deposition)

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85
Q

What antibiotic works for almost all infectious polyarthritis cases

A

Doxycycline

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85
Q

Doberman and Rottweilers, which drug gives them joint disease

A

Trimethoprim/sulfamethozazole

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86
Q

Which of the following vector borne agents is transmitted by Ixodes spp.
A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Rickettsia rickettsii
C) Ehrlichia ewingii
D) Anaplasma platys

A

A) Borrelia burgdorferi

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87
Q

What is one of the only diseases where you can you use a low dose prednisolone with an infectious disease drug

A

suppurative, polyarthritis that is infectious caused

because the infectious diseases cause the suppurative polyarthritis but if it is a septic joint, dont do it

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88
Q

What tick spreads Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Ixodes spp (deer tick)

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89
Q

What causes Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (spread by Ixodes tick)

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90
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Borrelia burgdorferi

A

acute syndrome: fever, lameness

chronic syndrome: lameness, nephritis, cardiac?, neurologic?

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91
Q

What are the two syndromes that Borrelia burgdorferi causes when not subclinical (95% cases)

A

1) Lameness
2) Nephritis

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92
Q

What breed is predisposed to Lyme nephritis

A

Labdrador retreiver

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93
Q

How do you treat Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Doxycycline (picks up other tick borne agents)
or Amoxicillin

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94
Q

How. do you diagnose Borrelia burgdorferi

A

SNAP 4DX PLUS- serology
picks up C6 antibody
-differentiates vaccine from natural exposure
-Does not differentiate clinical from subclinical

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95
Q

What Does the SNAP 4DX plus serology pick up

A

1) Ehrlichia canis / ewingii antibody
2) Anaplasma phagocytophilum/ platys antibody
3) Borrelia burgdorferi (C6 AB)
4) Heartworm antigen

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96
Q

T/F: SNAP 4DX is unable to differentiate Borrelia burgdorferi vaccine from natural exposure

A

False- it does differentiate vaccine from natural exposure

however, it does not differentiate clinical from subclinical

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97
Q

What is another name for the deer tick

A

Ixodes tick

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98
Q

How do you treat Borrelia burgdorferi

A

-Doxycycline (4weeks) - better for all tickborne disease
or
-Amoxicillin (4weeks) - specifically targets lyme
-Also cephalosporin can be used

Nephropathy
-Ace inhibitor
-Low dose aspirin

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99
Q

Do you treat a dog that is 4DX + for Borrelia and no symptoms

A

Not recommended

getting on tick control is really important as they can get reinfected multiple times

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100
Q

Does the lyme vaccine work?

A

yes- shown to block infection at 1 year challenge

immunity is not permanent though

vaccines should be combined with tick control

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101
Q

How do you prevent against Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats

A

Vaccination and tick control

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102
Q

Ixodes (Deer tick) transmits Borrelia burgdorferi and what other pathogen

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

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103
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

acute fever
acute polyarthritis
mild to moderate thrombocytopenia

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104
Q

How do you detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum as SNAP is negative in acute infections

A

confirm with PCR on acute blood

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105
Q

How do you diagnose Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

Acute: PCR on acute blood
Later, SNAP 4DX can be used

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106
Q

How do you treat Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

Doxycycline- treatment is very important but they can get re-infected
Get on tick control since reinfection is possible

14-28 days duration

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107
Q

T/F: you can use a SNAP4DX in a cat for anaplasma and lyme

A

True but it is not labeled

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108
Q

How do you treat Anaplasma and Borrelia in cats

A

Doxycycline
tick control

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109
Q

What tick spreads Ehrlichia ewingii

A

Ambylomma americanum (Lone star tick)

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110
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichia ewingii

A

Acute fever
Acute polyarthritis

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111
Q

How do you treat Ehrlichia ewingii

A

Doxycycline (14-28 days)
Tick control for prevention

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112
Q

What tick spreads Ehrlichia canis

A

Rhipicephalus

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113
Q

Where is Ehrlichia canis vs ewingii

A

Canis: nationwide
Ewingii: midwest

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114
Q

How do you treat Ehrlichia canis

A

Doxycycline
Imidocarb

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115
Q

What infectious agents cause polyarthritis

A

-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-Bartonella vinsonii
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Ehrlichia canis
-Mycoplasma spp
-Rickettsia rickettsia

116
Q

You see a limping dog from Oklahoma. On PE you find fever and multiple painful joints. You think you might see morulae of Ehrlichia in neutrophils on CBC
What is most likely Ehrlichia spp in this scenario

A

Ehrichia ewingii

117
Q

What Ehrlichia species are detectable through SNAP 4DX

A

canis and ewingii

118
Q

What are the common findings of animals with thrombocytopenia

A

petechiae
epistaxis
hemorrhages in back of eye

(Small bleeds)

118
Q

Thrombocytopenia associated with polyarthrtis caused by organisms is typically

A

mild to moderate thrombocytopenia
50,000 to 150,000

119
Q

What are the 4 causes of thrombocytopenia

A

1) Decreased production (immune-mediated, infectious, myelophthisis, drugs and toxins)

2) Consumption: DIC, Vasculitis, Neoplasia, bleeding

3) Destruction (primary or secondary mediated or infectious)

4) Sequestration: SLE, Neoplasia, Chronic infections

120
Q

Causes of infectious thrombocytopenia in dog

A

-Ehrlichia (canis and ewingii)
-Anaplasma (phagocytophilum and platys)
-Rickettsia rickettsii
-Leptospirosis
-Bartonella vinsonii and henselae

121
Q

Causes of infectious thrombocytopenia in cat

A

FeLV
FIV
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
rarely- Ehrlichia

122
Q

Which becomes positive first after most flea or tick borne diseases, PCR or serum antibody tests

A

PCR (peak around 1 week)

(Antibody results- peak around 4 weeks)

123
Q

Why cant you do PCR on Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme agent doesnt travel through blood, instead SQ and skin. Cant do PCR on it.

will often have antibodies by the time they get sick

124
Q

You are on a spay/neuter trip to Todos Santos. Some of the dogs with brown dog ticks seep blood from their surgical incisions.
What is most likely Ehrlichia spp in this scenario

A

Ehrlichia canis

125
Q

What are the 6 significant vector agents of Rhipicephalus (Brown dog tick)

A

1) Ehrlichia canis
2) Anaplasma platys
3) Hepatozoon canis
4) Babesia vogeli
5) Rickettsia rickettsii
6) Mycoplasma haemocanis

126
Q

Name two of the brown dog tick vectored agents that is unlikely to have a complete response to doxycycline administration

A

Hepatozoon canis and Babesia vogeli

127
Q

Which of the 3 Ehrlichia species of dogs
-E. canis
-E. ewingii
-E. chaffeensis
has a chronic phase is most likely to cause bone marrow suppression

A

Ehrlichia canis

128
Q

Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sangineuous) lives in ______ and feeds _______

A

lives in kennels and feeds year round

129
Q

Ehrlichia causes what gammopathy

A

monoclonal

130
Q

Ehrlichia canis classic signs

A

-Fever (lethargy and inappetance)
-Epistaxis (from vasculitis or anti-platelet AB acutely)
-Mild thrombocytopenia in acute stage
-Lymphadenopathy
-Proteinuria (immune complexes in kidney)
-Most likely tick borne to give:
Pancytopenia (bone marrow wipeout) and monoclonal gammopathy

only 25% of owners know their dog had ticks

131
Q

How do you diagnose Ehrlichiosis

A

1) Morulae detection (in the cytoplasm of monocytes)
2) PCR
3) Antibody detection (IFA, in house ELISA)

132
Q

Where are morulae of Ehrlichiosis typically seen

A

in the cytoplasm of monocytes

133
Q

You see a dog with brown dog ticks with thrombocytopenia. But there is evidence for hemolytic anemia concurrently
Which brown dog tick vectored protozoal agent is most likely to cause hemolytic anemia and what is a drug to treat the agent you chose

A

Babesia vogeli

Imidocarb diproprionate

134
Q

T/F: cats are completely resistant to developing ehrlichiosis

A

False - but not as common

cats either resistant or pick tick off before (3hours before transmission)

responds to Doxycycline

135
Q

Why is vasculitis from RMSF worse than ehrlichia

A

vasculitis is from organism replicating in the endothelial cells as opposed to the WBCs causing the inflammation

136
Q

Where does RMSF replicate

A

Endothelial cells
-severe vasculitis

137
Q

What causes RMSF

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

138
Q

What time of year is RMSF typically seen

A

April through October

139
Q

What is the only vector borne disease that gives a sterilizing immunity

A

RMSF

140
Q

How do you treat RMSF

A

-Doxycycline
-Rescue: Enrofloxacin (doesnt work against Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia)

141
Q

Quinolones (ie Enrofloxacin) treats what vector borne disease

A

RMSF
Bartonella
Hemofelis, Mycoplasma, etc

Enrofloxacin does NOT treat Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia

142
Q

How do you prevent Bartonella henselae spread

A

flea prevention

143
Q

What is the vector and reservor of Bartonella henselae

A

Ctenocephalides felis

144
Q

Where does Bartonella henselae live

A

intraeryhtocytic stage results in passge in flea frass
survival in flea frass for at least 9 days
doesnt destroy RBC in cats

145
Q

How is Bartonella henselae spread

A

flea feces (Ctenocephalides felis) in a wound

146
Q

In cats, Bartonella henselae lives in the RBC but doesnt cause

A

hemolytic anemia

147
Q

What is the definitive host of Bartonella henselae

A

cat

148
Q

Bartonella henselae causes what signs in humans

A

1) Angiomatosis (organism overgrowing)
2) Cat Scratch Fever- large lyme nodes (over immune response)
3) Endocarditis

149
Q

T/F: immune competent individuals with Bartonella henselae dont respond to antibiotics

A

true

150
Q

What are the species of Bartonella

A

-henselae
-vinsonii
-koehlerae
-clarridgeiase
-quintana

151
Q

what signs might tell you got bartonella as a veterinarian

A

headaches +blurred vision
irritability.

152
Q

What are the feline bartonella disease association

A

-fever
-lymphadenopathy
-anterior uveitis
-endocarditis
-myocarditis
-hyperglobulinemia
-osteomyelitis

153
Q

How do you treat Feline bartonellosis

A

Doxycycline or Pradofloxacin (rescue)

154
Q

What should you do to avoid esophageal strictures with doxycycline in cats

A

-Give with 2ml water
-Coat in butter

155
Q

What drugs cause esophageal strictures when given to cats

A

Clindamycin
Doxycycline

156
Q

What are the signs of canine bartonellosis

A

-Endocarditis
-Thrombocytopenia
-Hemolytic anemia*
-Polyarthritis
-Epistaxis

only tx if pt has endocarditis or myocarditis

157
Q

How can we have Bartonella infections in Western dogs without Ctenocephalides

A

Pulex spp fleas

158
Q

How do you treat canine bartonellosis

A

Dual therapy
-Doxycycline AND
-Enrofloxacin

159
Q

What organisms require dual therapies

A

-Neospora
-Hepatozoon americanum
-Canine Bartonellosis

160
Q

How do you treat canine bartonellosis with endocarditis

A

-Doxycycline
AND
-Enrofloxacin
AND
Amikacin

161
Q

Do you trea healthy cats with bartonella?

A

No- just control for fleas

162
Q

How do you treat URI in cats

A

Doxycycline or amoxicillin

163
Q

How do you treat canine infectious respiratory disease complex

A

Doxycycline or amoxicillin-clavulanate PO

164
Q

If you have dog with kennel cough or cat in barn with horses, what organism would make you use Penicillin over Doxycycline

A

Strep equi var. zooepidemicus

165
Q

syndrome consisting of clinical signs that may include serous to mucopuruelnt ocular and nasal discharges, epistaxis, sneezing, and conjunctivitis

A

feline upper respiratory disease

166
Q

What cats are most likely to get bordetella bronchiseptica

A

cats that are around coughing dogs

167
Q

What causes acute feline bacterial URI in cats

A

Primary:
-Bordetella
-Chlamydia felis
-Mycoplasma
-Bortenlla (likely not)
-Some pasteurella spp
-Some Streptococcus sp

Secondary
-Pasteurella
-Staphylococcus
-Streptococcus
-Anaerobes

168
Q

What are viral causes of feline URI

A

-Feline herpesvirus
-Calicivirus
-Influenzas
-SARS-CoV-2

169
Q

What are fungal causes of feline URI

A

Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp

170
Q

What are non-infectious cases of feline URI

A

Otitis media/polyps (cats)
Anatomical
Neoplasia
Foreign Bodies
Oronasal fistulas
Allergic
Trauma

171
Q

What domestic species can get SARS-CoV-2

A

cat
hamsters

172
Q

What are diagnostic plans for acute rhinitis in cats

A

-CBC, FeLV/FIV
-Cryptocoocus serum antigen titer
-Coagulation (epistaxis)
-Blood pressure (epistaxis)
-ˇTherapeutic trials
-Culture bordetella (for sensitivity)

PCR and Culture is hard to predict

173
Q

T/F: cytology is needed to predict antbiotic choices in acute rhinitis cases

A

false- but still use for lymphoma and fungal differentials

174
Q

What might cause epistaxis

A

likely hypertension or coagulation

(likely not infectious)

175
Q

What is the issue with the feline respiratory PCR assay

A

-FHV-1: often positive in normal cats

save the money

176
Q

first choice drugs for feline bacterial rhinitis

A

Doxycycline
Amoxicillin

rescues: fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, cephalosporins, potentiated penicillins

177
Q

a minimally effective prevention, not a treatment for FHV-1

A

lysine

178
Q

the preferred topical drug for FHV-1

A

Topical cidofovir

179
Q

used for FHV-1, can be very effective but hard to give to some cats bc its a large pill

A

Oral famciclovir

180
Q

How do you treat FHV-1 or FCV chronic viral URTD

A

-interferons
-intranasal vaccine as immunotherapy
-immune modulating probiotic- fortiflora
-stress management
-topical therapy
-alternative therapies

181
Q

the most common bacterial pathogen in canine infectious respiratory disease complex

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

182
Q

What are the pathogens of the canine infectious respiratory disease complex

A

Bacterial
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-Mycoplasma spp (cynos)
-Streptococcus equi var. zooepidemicus (ranch dogs)

Viral
-Adenovirus 2
-Canine influenza
-Distemper
-Parainfluenza

183
Q

How are canine respiratory PCR assay

A

bad- not predictive

present in healthy dogs

184
Q

How do you treat a routine CIRDC case

A

Primary: bacteria is suspected
-Doxycycline
-Amoxicillin-clavulanate

rescue: fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, cephalosproins (strep equi var. zooepidemicus)

Nonspecific treatment: anti-tussives, rest, harness not collar, soft food

monitor- clinical findings

185
Q

How do you treat pyothorax in a dog or cat

A

Parenteral admin of a fluoroquinolone and penicillin or clindamycin initially combined with thereapeutic lavage initially

186
Q

What should you do for draining track cats

A

Cytology from draining track
-Sporothrichosis- looks like cigars
-Cryptococcosis

187
Q

Sporotrichosis causes

A

draining tract lesion

188
Q

T/F: sporotrichosis is zoonotic

A

true

189
Q

How do you test for cryptococcosis in cats

A

Cytology: q tip
Antigen test

190
Q

How do you treat Cryptococcosis in cats

A

itraconazole, fluconazole
amphotericin (cidal)

191
Q

Amphotericin is toxic to the _________ in small animals

A

kidneys

192
Q

How is Amphotericin made to be less toxic to the renal tubules

A

liposomal formulation- macrophages take up, less toxic to kidneys

193
Q

What is okay for a screening procedure for aspergillosis for chronic rhinitis

A

serology

194
Q

How do you treat Nasal Aspergillosis

A

Scrape the colonies and clotrimazole topically

195
Q

What is your number 1 differential for a marked interstitial pneumonia travel with recent travel to Ohio

A

Blasto

196
Q

What fungi cause respiratory disease in dogs and cats

A

1) Cryptococcus neoformans
2) Histoplasma capsulatum
3) Coccidioides immitis
4) Blastomyces dermatitidis

197
Q

Where is Histoplasma capsulatum really common in

A

Texas

198
Q

What fungi causes discosponylitis

A

Coccidioides immitis

199
Q

What fungi causes urinary disease

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

200
Q

What fungi causes colitis

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

201
Q

What fungi affects the bone marrow

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

202
Q

What fungus is in the midwest river valley and texas

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

203
Q

T/F: Cryptococcus is worldwide

A

true

204
Q

For systemic fungi diseases, you can test using serology.
Antigen tests for _________
Antibody for _________

A

Antigen: Crypto and Blasto

Antibody for all other

205
Q

What fungal systemic diseases are you able to do serology for antigen on

A

Crypto and Blasto

206
Q

How do you diagnose systemic fungi

A

Serology:
Antigen for crypto and blasto
Antibody for all others

Cytology: lymph nodes and lung aspirates

Histopathology

207
Q

What anti-fungal drugs are static

A

Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Fluconazole

208
Q

What anti-fungal is cidal

A

Amphotericin B

209
Q

What anti-fungal is most toxic to the liver

A

Ketoconazole

210
Q

What anti-fungal has the best CNS and ocular penetration

A

Fluconazole

211
Q

Most anti-fungal drugs require

A

months of therapy

212
Q

What species is the nasal mite

A

Pneumonyssoides

213
Q

What are the clinical signs of Pneumonyssoides

A

sneezing
milding cough
normal temp
serous nasal discharge

214
Q

How do you treat Pneumonyssoides

A

-Milbemycin
-Ivermectin (high dose)
-Selamectin
-Moxidectin

215
Q

What is the nasal worm

A

Eucoleus bohemi

216
Q

How do you diagnose Eucoleus bohemi

A

fecal float

217
Q

How do you treat Eucoleus bohemi

A

Milbemycin
Ivermectin
Fenbendazole

optimal drug unknown
dual treatment needed in one dog

218
Q

What are the clinical signs of Eucoleus bohemi

A

Serous discharge and sneeze

219
Q

What is the tracheal nodular worm

A

Oslerus osleri

220
Q

How do you treat Oslerus osleri

A

Fenbendazole
Macrocytic lactones

221
Q

What feline coronavirus serotype is most common

A

Type I

222
Q

feline coronavirus type 2 serotype is a recombination of

A

Type 1 with canine coronavirus

223
Q

In feline coronaviruses, what binds to host receptors

A

Spike (S) gene and proteins binds to host receptors
-Aminopeptidase N is feline host cell receptor for type 2
-Allows entry into cells

224
Q

What kind of virus is feline coronavirus

A

RNA viruses with high rate of mutation

225
Q

What is the effusive form of FIP

A

-high protein, low cellularity

potentially related to poor cell mediated and humoral immunity

226
Q

What is the non-effusive form of FIP

A

characterized by development of pyogranulomas (multiple tissues)

potentially related to partial immune responses and so less vasculitis than the effusive form

227
Q

What does the effusion look like in the effusive form of FIP

A

yellow

high protein, low cellularity

228
Q

What form of FIP has a partial immune response

A

Non-effusive

229
Q

What form of FIP is related to poor cell mediated and humoral immunity

A

Effusive

230
Q

What are the ocular changes seen with FIP

A

-Anterior uveitis
-Iritis
-Chorioretinitis
-Keratic precipitates

231
Q

What are the 3 neurological changes seen with FIP

A

1) Periventricular encephalitis
2) Rhombencephalitis
3) Diffuse leptomeningitis

232
Q

What viruses cause neuro signs in cats

A

1) H5N1
2) Rabies
3) FIP

233
Q

What can happen to the GI with FIP

A

focal GI obstruction
-confused with neoplasia in some cases
-aspirate the mass for imunofluorescence staining or PCR (to tell from lymphoma)

234
Q

What causes endogenous uveitis in cats

A

1) Idiopathic is most common
2) Uveitis and fever in combination
-FIP (purebred and stress)
-Bartonella (exposure to fleas)
-Cryptococcus and other fungi
-Toxoplasma gondii (hunting)
-Ehrlichia canis (Rhipicephalus)
-Leishmania (sandflies and france)
-Feline herpes 1 (previous or upper current respiratory signs)

235
Q

Cat with uveitis, fever, and fleas.
What is the likely cause

A

Barotonella spp

236
Q

Cat with uveitis, fever, and is a common hunter, what is likely cause

A

Toxoplasma gondii

237
Q

Dog with uveitis, fever, and rhipicephalus ticks on them. What is the likely cause

A

Ehrlichia canis

238
Q

How is Leishmania spread to cause uveitis and fever

A

sandflies in france

239
Q

How do you confirm non-effusive FIP

A

1) Immunohistochemistry or RT PCR assay to confirm presence of FCoV
2) Combination of findings
-Hyperglobulinemia
-Lymphopenia
-Positive titer
Approx 80% specific
3) Combine with exclusion of other causes- Doxy and Pred trial?

240
Q

In animals with uveitis and fever. What should all infectious cases get if theres not conjunctivitis

A

Topical Pred acetate to prevent lens luxation and subsequent glaucoma

241
Q

FIP has lymphopenia or lymphocytosis

A

FIP lymphopenia

While a lot of other infectious causes (Bartonella, Toxo, Ehrlichia) have lymphyocytosis

242
Q

How do you diagnose effusive FIP

A

1) Pyogranulomatous pleuritis

2) TP > 3.5 g/dl (high)

3) Low Cells: 5,000-15,000/ul (non-degenerative PMN and macrophages)

4) Albumin/globulin ration
<0.4 = 100% PPV (lots globulin)
0.4-0.8 = 80% PPV
>0.8 = 100% negative predictive value

243
Q

In effusive FIP, TP of effusion is

A

> 3.5 g/dl

244
Q

In effusive FIP, the albumin/globulin ration is

A

<0.4 (100% PPV)
0.4-0.8 (80% PPV)

245
Q

In effusive FIP, cell count of effusion is typically

A

Low Cells: 5,000-15,000/ul (non-degenerative PMN and macrophages)

246
Q

What makes you suspicious of FIP

A

shelters
catteries
fever
ocular signs
neurological signs

247
Q

FIP cats have hypo or hyperglobulinemia

A

hyperglobulinemia

248
Q

Confirm FCoV antigens with __________
Confirm FCoV RNA with _________

A

antigens: immunostaining
RNA: RT-PCR

249
Q

nucleoside analogue that inhibits RNA viruses like FIP

A

GS-441524

250
Q

only FIP drug that you can legally write a prescription for

A

remdesivir (injectable)

251
Q

FIP drugs available

A

1) Remdesivir (injectible)- can legally prescribe
2) GS-441524: not legal but AVMA will not puruse
3) Monupiravir: human merck wont pursue but unknown about veterinary

protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogues

252
Q

T/F: FIP inducing mutants usually are not contagious

A

True

253
Q

How do you prevent FIP

A

-Lessen crowding and stress
-Maintain sanitation
-Control coinfections and parasitism
-House kittens away from adults at 4-6 weeks of age
-Seriologically screen at 14-16 weeks (if negative, potentially FCoV free)
-Vaccination?- likely not recommended, not effective

254
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FIV

A

1) Infected cat sheds virus in saliva and transmits infection to other cats through fighting
2) Acute phase: transient mild fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy (1-3 months)
3) Asymptomatic Phase: viral sheding in saliva- many cats wont progress beyond this phase
4) Clinical phase: functional immunodeficiency may develop in some cats. Increased risk of secondary infections, immune mediated disease or neoplasia

255
Q

T/F: many cats wont develop into clinical immunodeficiency phase with FIV

A

True

functional immunodeficiency may develop in some cats. Increased risk of secondary infections, immune mediated disease or neoplasia

256
Q

What is seen in the acute phase of FIV

A

transient mild fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy (1-3 months)

257
Q

What is seen in the asymptomatic phase of FIV

A

viral shedding in saliva- many cats wont progress beyond this phase

258
Q

What should you do for all cat bite abscess cases

A

see back in 60 days for FIV testing

259
Q

How is FIV transmitted?

A

1) Parenteral inoculation *
2) Passive contact- probably rare
3) Venereal transmission
4) Lactational transmission

260
Q

Primary disease syndromes of FIV

A

-Fever
-Enteritis
-Glomerulonephritis
-Renal azotemia
-Uveitis
-Behavioral/neurologic
-Lymphoma

261
Q

How do you test for FIV

A

-Antibodies (snap)
-PCR assay

262
Q

FIV test is a test for

A

antibodies

263
Q

FeLV test is a test for

A

antigens

264
Q

Is FIV or FeLV more likely to be oncogenic

A

FeLV

265
Q

How is FeLV typically spread

A

chronic contact
passive transmission can occur

shed in saliva, blood, urine, feces, milk

266
Q

85% of progressive FeLV infections will be

A

dead in 3 years

267
Q

What forms of FeLV will regress and become negative

A

-Abortive infection
-Regressive infection (with or without previous transient viremia)

268
Q

What are the 3 clinical syndromes of FeLV

A

1) Neoplasia *
2) Bone marrow abnormalities
3) Immune deficiencies with secondary infections

269
Q

What neoplasia does FeLV cause

A

Lymphoma
-Nasal
-Mediastinal
-Alimentary

270
Q

What cytopathies is seen with FeLV

A

-any cell line (sometimes just anemia, thrombocytopenia or can be all 3 of them)
-pancytopenia
-non-regenerative anemia with BIG MCV

271
Q

What anemia is pathognomonic for FeLV

A

Non-regenerative anemia with big MCV

272
Q

What secondary infections are typically seen with FeLV?

A

-FIP
-URD
-Toxoplasma gondii
-Cryptococcus neoformans
-Others

treat for these diseases because some CD4 counts in cats are normal

273
Q

How do you test for FeLV

A

1) p27 antigen test
ELISA- serum, plasma, blood*
IFA- blood or bone marrow

2) Virus isolation- bone marrow

3) PCR for proviral DNA- blood or bone marrow

274
Q

What fluid is best for FeLV testing

A

blood- FeLV antigen in platelets and neutrophils
most sensitivity

275
Q

What should you do if you seen a cat with cytopathies but the blood test is negative for FelV

A

consider repeating the proviral DNA PCR test on blood or plasma

could do the bone marrow IFA or virus isolation if you wanted to

276
Q

What else, aside from FeLV can cause a nonregenerative macrocytosis

A

Sulfa drugs

277
Q

FeLV virus isolations is done with what sample

A

bone marrow

278
Q

FeLV p27 antigen ELISA is done on what sample

A

blood (more sensitive)
serum
plasma

279
Q

FeLV p27 antigen IFA is done on what sample

A

blood or bone marrow

280
Q

FeLV PCR for proviral DNA is done on what samples

A

blood or bone marrow

281
Q

What should you do if you see a cat with macrocytosis without reticulocytosis

A

keep looking for FeLV

282
Q

1 yo MS DSH indoor/ outdoor ca in Denver with a nasal granuloma
FIV AB positive
likely bug?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

283
Q

Why should you keep FeLV cats indoors

A

1) Dont infect other cats
2) Dont get secondary infections

284
Q

FIV antibodies or FeLV antigen are not

A

immune function tests

the only way to determine the prognosis doe a secondary infection is to treat

285
Q

Should you use FeLV vaccine

A

yes by most experts
kittens for sure and adults if indoors/outdoors

annually if high risk*

risk of injection site sarcoma about 1:10,000

286
Q

Why is the FIV vaccine no longer available

A

1) Low efficacy
2) Induced antibodies that can be detected in most screening ELISAs

287
Q

What syndromes does canine distemper cause

A

1) GI
2) respiratory

ocular and neuro if cant contain it (if vaccinated, wont get CNS distemper)

288
Q

Adenovirus-1 causes ____________ while
Adenovirus-2 causes
_________________

A

Adenovirus-1: Infectious canine hepatitis

Adenovirus-2: Respiratory

vaccines for adenovirus 2 (cross protects against 1)

289
Q
A

CLIN SCI 4 EX2 (5 decks)

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