Infectious Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
causes of hyperthermia
A
1) Increased environmental temperature
2) Increased muscle activity (ie seizures)
2
Q
what turns on true fever
A
1) Exogenous pyrogens
2) activated leukocytes
-cytokine production
-endogenous pyrogens
-hypothalmic set point
likely if they are sick with elevated fever
3
Q
first thing that happens with true fever
A
animal stops eating
4
Q
Cytokine associated with increased fever
A
IL-1
5
Q
What are the causes of true fever
A
1) Infectious diseases
2) Primary immune diseases
3) Neoplasia
4) Drugs
5) Mis: pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism, tissue trauma
6
Q
What causes true fever in cats
A
1) INFECTIOUS DISEASES
2) Drug reactions (tetracyclines,etc)
3) Also primary immune mediated and neoplasia (less common)
7
Q
How do you treat cats with fever of unknown origin
A
Amoxicillin, or convenia and move on
8
Q
If animal has uveitis without fever, it is likely
A
idiopathic
9
Q
What are the classic flea borne agents
A
-Bartonella (henselae, clarridgeaie, koehlerae)
-Coxiella burnetti
-Mycoplasma (haemofelis, haemominutum, turicensis)
-Rickettsia felis
-Yersinia pestis
10
Q
How do you tell if pale mucous membranes is from shock or anemia
A
PCV - next see if it is regenerative or not
11
Q
You have a regenerative anemia, what is the likely causes
A
1) Blood loss
2) Blood lysis
evaluate for blood loss, total protein, and cytopathology
12
Q
What are the classic tick borne agents
A
-Anaplasma (platys and phagocytophilum)
-Bartonella spp
-Babesia spp
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Cytauxzoon felis
-Ehrlichia canis, chaffeensis, ewingii
-Hepatozoon spp
-Rickettsia rickettsii
13
Q
Hemolytic anemia infectious causes
A
-Hemoplasma
-Babesia
-Bartonella (dog)
-Cytauxzoon felis (cat)
-Ehrlichia spp (mainly thrombocytopenia)
do serology, culture or PCR
14
Q
What are the causes of hemolytic anemia in dogs and cats
A
Primary: spherocytes, agglutination
Secondary: eg Vaccination, Spherocytes, agglutination
Infectious: Hemoplasma, Babesia, Bartonella (dog) - do serology, culture or PCR
Toxins: heinz bodies, radiographs for Zinc
Microangiopathic: Schistocytes, fragments
Hyposmolar
Hypophosphatemia
Congenital
15
Q
A dog presents with signs of depression and lethargy. A CBC
documents anemia with > 60,000 reticulocytes and no evidence of
blood loss. A few spherocytes are seen and possible organisms
were in RBC. The dog had been bitten by a pitbull 2 weeks before
A
Babesia gibsoni
16
Q
What Babesia species is associated with dog fighting
A
Babesia gibsoni
17
Q
What is the vector of Babesia vogeli
A
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
lives indoors
18
Q
What diseases does the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) have?
A
Ehrlichia canis
Babesia vogeli
Anaplasma platys
Rickettsia rickettsii
Mycoplasma haemocanis
Hepatozoon canis
19
Q
Babesiosis causes
A
fever and hemolytic anemia
20
Q
How do you diagnose Babesiosis
A
Serology
Organism demonstration (cytology, PCR)
21
Q
How do you treat Babesia vogeli (canis)
A
Imidocarb dipropionate
22
Q
How do you treat Babesi gibsoni
A
Azithromycin
Atovaquone
PCR negative post-RX
23
Q
What causes Feline Infectious Anemia
A
-Mycoplasma haemofelis
-Candidatus Mycoplasma Haemominutum
-Candidatis Mycoplasma turicensis
-Fleas and fighting
24
Q
T/F: Mycoplasma haemocanis is nonpathogenic
A
True- unless immune suprressed
25
How do you treat hemoplasmosis
Doxycycline
Quinolones
*dont have a cell-wall
26
What are the clinical findings of Hemoplasmosis
Acute: fever, pale mucous membranes, lethargy/depression, splenomegaly, icterus
Chronic: fever, recurrence of acute disease
Most are subclinical
27
How do you diagnose Hemoplasmosis
-Cytology (50% chance of being positive)
-PCR is most sensitive (takes longer)
28
1 year old MC outdoor cat in Oklahoma with acute onset of fever, dyspnea, anemia, and pale mucous membranes. What is the diagnosis
Cytauxzoon felis
29
What defintive host of Cytauxzoon felis
Bobcats
spread by Amblyomma americanum * and Dermacenter variabilis
30
What are the clinical signs of Cytauxzoon felis
Fever
Shock
Anemia
Death
31
How do you treat Cytauxzoon felis
Atovaquone +
Azithromycin
(Same as Babesia gibsoni)
32
Why might a pet be "stiff"
Muscle pain
Joint pain
Meningeal pain
Bone pain
Parenchymal pain
33
Hunting cat, “stiff”, with uveitis in
Colorado
A. Toxoplasma gondii
B. Yersinia pestis
C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum
D. Bartonella henselae
Toxoplasma gondii
34
Why should you refrigerate feces with Toxoplasma gondii before testing
to prevent the sporulation in the environment, therefore decreasing the risk
35
#1 clinical sign with vector borne diseases
fever - 95% of cases
36
What should you do if you see a dog with pale mucous membranes
1) Anemia or Shock: Do a PCV
2) Regenerative or non-regenative: based on reticulocytes
3) Regenerative anemia: loss or lysis
4) Final step: evaluate for blood loss, total protein, evaluate cytopathology
37
What are the diagnostic findings of primary immune hemolytic anemia
spherocytes
agglutination
38
What are the infectious causes of hemolytic anemia
-Hemoplasmas (dogs and cats)
-Babesia
-Cytauxzoon felis (cats)
-Bartonella spp (dogs, maybe)
-Ehrlichia spp (dogs and cts, maybe, mainly thrombocytopenia)
39
How do you tell reouleux from agglutination
drop saline
40
How do you treat feline infectious anemia
Doxycycline or Quinolones
should work for all causes Mycoplasma hemofelis, haemonominutum and turicensis)
41
What agents might you see in RBCs
Hemoplasmosis
Babesia
Cytauxzoon felis
Anaplasma
42
Whhy is Cytauxzoon felis only in the southeast
Spread by Amblyomma americanum
43
What hemolytic anemia cause is typially seen in pitbullas
Babesia gibsoni
44
T/F: cats are the only definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii
True- oocysts made in cat
45
Why do you likely not get toxoplasmosis from cats
cats pass unsporulated oocyts into the environment and need to sporulate in the environment (~3days)
-Most cats dont leave feces on bodies for 3 days
-Only shed for 2 weeks
Avoid transmission from uncooked meat (pork and goat)
46
What fatal syndromes does Toxoplasmosis cause
1) Immunosuppressed
2) Transplacental or neonatal infection: liver, lung, brain, fading kitten syndrome
dont let pregnant animals eat raw meats
47
Toxoplasmosis causes acute disease in
the immunosuppressed
48
What are the symptoms of chronic toxoplasmosis
-Fever
-Anterior or posterior uveitis *
-Hyperesthesia
-CNS disease
-Hepatic/pancreatic disease
-Respiratory disease
-Dermatologic- rare
cats more common than dogs
49
are dogs or cats more common to have chronic toxoplasmosis
cats
50
What is the intermediate host of Toxplasmosis gondii
any animal
51
T/F: most cats have Toxplasmosis gondii antibodies
true
52
Hematological changes seen with clinical toxoplasmosis
-Nonregenerative anemia
-Neutrophilic leukocytosis
-Neutropenia
-Lymphocytosis
-Monocytosis
53
Biochemical results seen with clinical toxoplasmosis
-Hyperbilirubinemia
-Increased ALT/AST
-Increased CK*
-Polyclonal gammopathy
54
T/F: fecal examination is usually positive when clinical signs of Toxplasmosis gondii show up
false- usually negative
55
Is IgM or IgG serology better for acute Toxplasmosis gondii cases
IgM
56
For diagnosing Toxplasmosis gondii what can you do PCR on
Aqueous humor
CSF
BAL/Aspirates/tissues
57
T/F: Single IgG titer for Toxplasmosis gondii has high positive predictive value
False- 30-40% of healthy cats are seropositive
but if you have IgG increasing titers then that has excellent PPV
58
Does IgM titers or IgG have a better positive predictive value for Toxplasmosis gondii
IgM but positives can also occur in healthy cats
59
How do you treat clinical toxoplasmosis
-Clindamycin
OR
-Azithromycin
ocular: treat with topical glucocorticoids (1% pred acetate) in all cases with uveitis and no ulcers so they dont get glaucoma and lens luxation
60
With ocular disease due to Toxoplasmosis, how do you treat it
treat with topical glucocorticoids (1% pred acetate) in all cases with uveitis and no ulcers so they dont get glaucoma and lens luxation
if resistant to topical use oral glucocorticoids or parenteral glucocorticoids
61
Ranch puppy, ascending "stiff" paralysis, previous abortion in the bitch
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Neospora caninum
C) Mycoplasma cynos
D) Brucella canis
B) Neospora caninum
62
How does Neospora caninum typically manifest
ascending stiff paralysis that starts at hind legs and can ascend until it reaches the diaphragm and causes death
63
What is the definitive host for Neospora caninum?
dogs
64
What is the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum?
31.3% of dogs on dairy farms
7.1% of urban dogs
65
How do dogs typically get Neospora caninum?
dog ingests aborted fetus, infected calf and/or afterbirth
66
What are the clinical manifestations of Neospora caninum when less than 6 months?
-ascending neuromuscular disease
-Rigid
-Incontinence
-Dysphagia
67
What are the clinical manifestions of Neospora caninum when >6months
-LMN flaccid paralysis
-CND disease
-Polysystemic: fever, pneumonitis, myocarditis*, regurgitation/megaesophagus, ulcerative dermatitis, repeated abortions
68
What causes repeated abortions in the dog
Neospora caninum- seen in ranch dogs
69
How do you treat canine neosporosis
1) Trimethoprim-sulfa
AND
2) Clindamycin
dual therapy
long term treatment for months
70
Where is hepatozoon americanum
in the southeast US, texas to forida
spread by Amblyomma americanum
71
What tick spreads Hepatozoon americanum
Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum)
72
What are the symptoms of hepatozoon americanum infection
-fever
-periosteal lesions (from tissue phase)
-extreme neutrophilia (>50,000)
-stiffness
-southern dogs
73
What is significant about the hepatozoon americanum lifecycle
the dog eats the tick and predation (coccidian cycle is in the tick)
Shizonts in tissues
74
How do you treat Hepatozoonosis
-Trimethoprim-sulfa
-Pyrimethamine
-Clindamycin
-Decoquinate
(2 drugs and decoquinate)- feed store source
75
How do you diagnose Hepatozoon americanum
Histopathology organism demonstration
PCR
76
protozoan that is spread through sporulated oocyts or undercooked meat
causes subclinical fever, muscle, uveitis, pneumonia, and CNS
tx w Clindamycin, azithromycin, and ponazuril
Zoonotic
Toxoplasma gondii
77
T/F: Neospora caninum is zoonotic
False
78
T/F: Toxoplasma gondii is zoonotic
True
79
T/F: Hepatozoon americanum is zoonotic
False
80
Is erosive or non-erosive polyarthritis more common
non-erosive (better prognosis)
non-erosive is seen with most infectious
except rheumatoid is typically erosive
81
On joint tap, immune or infectious causes are typically
neutrophilic (while mononuclear for orthopedic disease)
82
T/F: carprofen wont work for immune or infectious polyarthritis
True- only works for orthopedic
83
What are causes of primary immune mediated suppurative polyarthritis
-Idiopathic
-Systemic lupus erythrematosus
83
What are causes of secondary immune mediated suppurative polyarthrtis
vaccines, drugs, neoplasia
84
What are the causes of infectious suppurative polyarthritis
-Ehrlichia ewingii
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Ehrlichia canis (less common)
-Rickettsia rickettsii
-Bartonella vinsonii
-Mycoplasma spp
-Chronic diseases (immune complex deposition)
85
What antibiotic works for almost all infectious polyarthritis cases
Doxycycline
85
Doberman and Rottweilers, which drug gives them joint disease
Trimethoprim/sulfamethozazole
86
Which of the following vector borne agents is transmitted by Ixodes spp.
A) Borrelia burgdorferi
B) Rickettsia rickettsii
C) Ehrlichia ewingii
D) Anaplasma platys
A) Borrelia burgdorferi
87
What is one of the only diseases where you can you use a low dose prednisolone with an infectious disease drug
suppurative, polyarthritis that is infectious caused
because the infectious diseases cause the suppurative polyarthritis but if it is a septic joint, dont do it
88
What tick spreads Borrelia burgdorferi
Ixodes spp (deer tick)
89
What causes Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi (spread by Ixodes tick)
90
What are the clinical presentations of Borrelia burgdorferi
acute syndrome: fever, lameness
chronic syndrome: lameness*, nephritis*, cardiac?, neurologic?
91
What are the two syndromes that Borrelia burgdorferi causes when not subclinical (95% cases)
1) Lameness
2) Nephritis
92
What breed is predisposed to Lyme nephritis
Labdrador retreiver
93
How do you treat Borrelia burgdorferi
Doxycycline (picks up other tick borne agents)
or Amoxicillin
94
How. do you diagnose Borrelia burgdorferi
SNAP 4DX PLUS- serology
picks up C6 antibody
-differentiates vaccine from natural exposure
-Does not differentiate clinical from subclinical
95
What Does the SNAP 4DX plus serology pick up
1) Ehrlichia canis / ewingii antibody
2) Anaplasma phagocytophilum/ platys antibody
3) Borrelia burgdorferi (C6 AB)
4) Heartworm antigen
96
T/F: SNAP 4DX is unable to differentiate Borrelia burgdorferi vaccine from natural exposure
False- it does differentiate vaccine from natural exposure
however, it does not differentiate clinical from subclinical
97
What is another name for the deer tick
Ixodes tick
98
How do you treat Borrelia burgdorferi
-Doxycycline (4weeks) - better for all tickborne disease
or
-Amoxicillin (4weeks) - specifically targets lyme
-Also cephalosporin can be used
Nephropathy
-Ace inhibitor
-Low dose aspirin
99
Do you treat a dog that is 4DX + for Borrelia and no symptoms
Not recommended
getting on tick control is really important as they can get reinfected multiple times
100
Does the lyme vaccine work?
yes- shown to block infection at 1 year challenge
immunity is not permanent though
vaccines should be combined with tick control
101
How do you prevent against Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats
Vaccination and tick control
102
Ixodes (Deer tick) transmits Borrelia burgdorferi and what other pathogen
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
103
What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum
acute fever
acute polyarthritis
mild to moderate thrombocytopenia
104
How do you detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum as SNAP is negative in acute infections
confirm with PCR on acute blood
105
How do you diagnose Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Acute: PCR on acute blood
Later, SNAP 4DX can be used
106
How do you treat Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Doxycycline- treatment is very important but they can get re-infected
Get on tick control since reinfection is possible
14-28 days duration
107
T/F: you can use a SNAP4DX in a cat for anaplasma and lyme
True but it is not labeled
108
How do you treat Anaplasma and Borrelia in cats
Doxycycline
tick control
109
What tick spreads Ehrlichia ewingii
Ambylomma americanum (Lone star tick)
110
What are the clinical signs of Ehrlichia ewingii
Acute fever
Acute polyarthritis
111
How do you treat Ehrlichia ewingii
Doxycycline (14-28 days)
Tick control for prevention
112
What tick spreads Ehrlichia canis
Rhipicephalus
113
Where is Ehrlichia canis vs ewingii
Canis: nationwide
Ewingii: midwest
114
How do you treat Ehrlichia canis
Doxycycline
Imidocarb
115
What infectious agents cause polyarthritis
-Anaplasma phagocytophilum
-Bartonella vinsonii
-Borrelia burgdorferi
-Ehrlichia canis
-Mycoplasma spp
-Rickettsia rickettsia
116
You see a limping dog from Oklahoma. On PE you find fever and multiple painful joints. You think you might see morulae of Ehrlichia in neutrophils on CBC
What is most likely Ehrlichia spp in this scenario
Ehrichia ewingii
117
What Ehrlichia species are detectable through SNAP 4DX
canis and ewingii
118
What are the common findings of animals with thrombocytopenia
petechiae
epistaxis
hemorrhages in back of eye
(Small bleeds)
118
Thrombocytopenia associated with polyarthrtis caused by organisms is typically
mild to moderate thrombocytopenia
50,000 to 150,000
119
What are the 4 causes of thrombocytopenia
1) Decreased production (immune-mediated, infectious, myelophthisis, drugs and toxins)
2) Consumption: DIC, Vasculitis, Neoplasia, bleeding
3) Destruction (primary or secondary mediated or infectious)
4) Sequestration: SLE, Neoplasia, Chronic infections
120
Causes of infectious thrombocytopenia in dog
-Ehrlichia (canis and ewingii)
-Anaplasma (phagocytophilum and platys)
-Rickettsia rickettsii
-Leptospirosis
-Bartonella vinsonii and henselae
121
Causes of infectious thrombocytopenia in cat
FeLV
FIV
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
rarely- Ehrlichia
122
Which becomes positive first after most flea or tick borne diseases, PCR or serum antibody tests
PCR (peak around 1 week)
(Antibody results- peak around 4 weeks)
123
Why cant you do PCR on Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme agent doesnt travel through blood, instead SQ and skin. Cant do PCR on it.
will often have antibodies by the time they get sick
124
You are on a spay/neuter trip to Todos Santos. Some of the dogs with brown dog ticks seep blood from their surgical incisions.
What is most likely Ehrlichia spp in this scenario
Ehrlichia canis
125
What are the 6 significant vector agents of Rhipicephalus (Brown dog tick)
1) Ehrlichia canis
2) Anaplasma platys
3) Hepatozoon canis
4) Babesia vogeli
5) Rickettsia rickettsii
6) Mycoplasma haemocanis
126
Name two of the brown dog tick vectored agents that is unlikely to have a complete response to doxycycline administration
Hepatozoon canis and Babesia vogeli
127
Which of the 3 Ehrlichia species of dogs
-E. canis
-E. ewingii
-E. chaffeensis
has a chronic phase is most likely to cause bone marrow suppression
Ehrlichia canis
128
Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sangineuous) lives in ______ and feeds _______
lives in kennels and feeds year round
129
Ehrlichia causes what gammopathy
monoclonal
130
Ehrlichia canis classic signs
-Fever (lethargy and inappetance)
-Epistaxis (from vasculitis or anti-platelet AB acutely)
-Mild thrombocytopenia in acute stage
-Lymphadenopathy
-Proteinuria (immune complexes in kidney)
-Most likely tick borne to give:
Pancytopenia (bone marrow wipeout) and monoclonal gammopathy
only 25% of owners know their dog had ticks
131
How do you diagnose Ehrlichiosis
1) Morulae detection (in the cytoplasm of monocytes)
2) PCR
3) Antibody detection (IFA, in house ELISA)
132
Where are morulae of Ehrlichiosis typically seen
in the cytoplasm of monocytes
133
You see a dog with brown dog ticks with thrombocytopenia. But there is evidence for hemolytic anemia concurrently
Which brown dog tick vectored protozoal agent is most likely to cause hemolytic anemia and what is a drug to treat the agent you chose
Babesia vogeli
Imidocarb diproprionate
134
T/F: cats are completely resistant to developing ehrlichiosis
False - but not as common
cats either resistant or pick tick off before (3hours before transmission)
responds to Doxycycline
135
Why is vasculitis from RMSF worse than ehrlichia
vasculitis is from organism replicating in the endothelial cells as opposed to the WBCs causing the inflammation
136
Where does RMSF replicate
Endothelial cells
-severe vasculitis
137
What causes RMSF
Rickettsia rickettsii
138
What time of year is RMSF typically seen
April through October
139
What is the only vector borne disease that gives a sterilizing immunity
RMSF
140
How do you treat RMSF
-Doxycycline
-Rescue: Enrofloxacin (doesnt work against Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia)
141
Quinolones (ie Enrofloxacin) treats what vector borne disease
RMSF
Bartonella
Hemofelis, Mycoplasma, etc
Enrofloxacin does NOT treat Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia
142
How do you prevent Bartonella henselae spread
flea prevention
143
What is the vector and reservor of Bartonella henselae
Ctenocephalides felis
144
Where does Bartonella henselae live
intraeryhtocytic stage results in passge in flea frass
survival in flea frass for at least 9 days
doesnt destroy RBC in cats
145
How is Bartonella henselae spread
flea feces (Ctenocephalides felis) in a wound
146
In cats, Bartonella henselae lives in the RBC but doesnt cause
hemolytic anemia
147
What is the definitive host of Bartonella henselae
cat
148
Bartonella henselae causes what signs in humans
1) Angiomatosis (organism overgrowing)
2) Cat Scratch Fever- large lyme nodes (over immune response)
3) Endocarditis
149
T/F: immune competent individuals with Bartonella henselae dont respond to antibiotics
true
150
What are the species of Bartonella
-henselae
-vinsonii
-koehlerae
-clarridgeiase
-quintana
151
what signs might tell you got bartonella as a veterinarian
headaches +blurred vision
irritability.
152
What are the feline bartonella disease association
-fever
-lymphadenopathy
-anterior uveitis
-endocarditis
-myocarditis
-hyperglobulinemia
-osteomyelitis
153
How do you treat Feline bartonellosis
Doxycycline or Pradofloxacin (rescue)
154
What should you do to avoid esophageal strictures with doxycycline in cats
-Give with 2ml water
-Coat in butter
155
What drugs cause esophageal strictures when given to cats
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
156
What are the signs of canine bartonellosis
-Endocarditis
-Thrombocytopenia
-Hemolytic anemia*
-Polyarthritis
-Epistaxis
only tx if pt has endocarditis or myocarditis
157
How can we have Bartonella infections in Western dogs without Ctenocephalides
Pulex spp fleas
158
How do you treat canine bartonellosis
Dual therapy
-Doxycycline AND
-Enrofloxacin
159
What organisms require dual therapies
-Neospora
-Hepatozoon americanum
-Canine Bartonellosis
160
How do you treat canine bartonellosis with endocarditis
-Doxycycline
AND
-Enrofloxacin
AND
Amikacin
161
Do you trea healthy cats with bartonella?
No- just control for fleas
162
How do you treat URI in cats
Doxycycline or amoxicillin
163
How do you treat canine infectious respiratory disease complex
Doxycycline or amoxicillin-clavulanate PO
164
If you have dog with kennel cough or cat in barn with horses, what organism would make you use Penicillin over Doxycycline
Strep equi var. zooepidemicus
165
syndrome consisting of clinical signs that may include serous to mucopuruelnt ocular and nasal discharges, epistaxis, sneezing, and conjunctivitis
feline upper respiratory disease
166
What cats are most likely to get bordetella bronchiseptica
cats that are around coughing dogs
167
What causes acute feline bacterial URI in cats
Primary:
-Bordetella
-Chlamydia felis
-Mycoplasma
-Bortenlla (likely not)
-Some pasteurella spp
-Some Streptococcus sp
Secondary
-Pasteurella
-Staphylococcus
-Streptococcus
-Anaerobes
168
What are viral causes of feline URI
-Feline herpesvirus
-Calicivirus
-Influenzas
-SARS-CoV-2
169
What are fungal causes of feline URI
Cryptococcus spp
Aspergillus spp
170
What are non-infectious cases of feline URI
Otitis media/polyps (cats)
Anatomical
Neoplasia
Foreign Bodies
Oronasal fistulas
Allergic
Trauma
171
What domestic species can get SARS-CoV-2
cat
hamsters
172
What are diagnostic plans for acute rhinitis in cats
-CBC, FeLV/FIV
-Cryptocoocus serum antigen titer
-Coagulation (epistaxis)
-Blood pressure (epistaxis)
-ˇTherapeutic trials
-Culture bordetella (for sensitivity)
PCR and Culture is hard to predict
173
T/F: cytology is needed to predict antbiotic choices in acute rhinitis cases
false- but still use for lymphoma and fungal differentials
174
What might cause epistaxis
likely hypertension or coagulation
(likely not infectious)
175
What is the issue with the feline respiratory PCR assay
-FHV-1: often positive in normal cats
save the money
176
first choice drugs for feline bacterial rhinitis
Doxycycline
Amoxicillin
rescues: fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, cephalosporins, potentiated penicillins
177
a minimally effective prevention, not a treatment for FHV-1
lysine
178
the preferred topical drug for FHV-1
Topical cidofovir
179
used for FHV-1, can be very effective but hard to give to some cats bc its a large pill
Oral famciclovir
180
How do you treat FHV-1 or FCV chronic viral URTD
-interferons
-intranasal vaccine as immunotherapy
-immune modulating probiotic- fortiflora
-stress management
-topical therapy
-alternative therapies
181
the most common bacterial pathogen in canine infectious respiratory disease complex
Bordetella bronchiseptica
182
What are the pathogens of the canine infectious respiratory disease complex
Bacterial
-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-Mycoplasma spp (cynos)
-Streptococcus equi var. zooepidemicus (ranch dogs)
Viral
-Adenovirus 2
-Canine influenza
-Distemper
-Parainfluenza
183
How are canine respiratory PCR assay
bad- not predictive
present in healthy dogs
184
How do you treat a routine CIRDC case
Primary: bacteria is suspected
-Doxycycline
-Amoxicillin-clavulanate
rescue: fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, cephalosproins (strep equi var. zooepidemicus)
Nonspecific treatment: anti-tussives, rest, harness not collar, soft food
monitor- clinical findings
185
How do you treat pyothorax in a dog or cat
Parenteral admin of a fluoroquinolone and penicillin or clindamycin initially combined with thereapeutic lavage initially
186
What should you do for draining track cats
Cytology from draining track
-Sporothrichosis- looks like cigars
-Cryptococcosis
187
Sporotrichosis causes
draining tract lesion
188
T/F: sporotrichosis is zoonotic
true
189
How do you test for cryptococcosis in cats
Cytology: q tip
Antigen test
190
How do you treat Cryptococcosis in cats
itraconazole, fluconazole
amphotericin (cidal)
191
Amphotericin is toxic to the _________ in small animals
kidneys
192
How is Amphotericin made to be less toxic to the renal tubules
liposomal formulation- macrophages take up, less toxic to kidneys
193
What is okay for a screening procedure for aspergillosis for chronic rhinitis
serology
194
How do you treat Nasal Aspergillosis
Scrape the colonies and clotrimazole topically
195
What is your number 1 differential for a marked interstitial pneumonia travel with recent travel to Ohio
Blasto
196
What fungi cause respiratory disease in dogs and cats
1) Cryptococcus neoformans
2) Histoplasma capsulatum
3) Coccidioides immitis
4) Blastomyces dermatitidis
197
Where is Histoplasma capsulatum really common in
Texas
198
What fungi causes discosponylitis
Coccidioides immitis
199
What fungi causes urinary disease
Blastomyces dermatitidis
200
What fungi causes colitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
201
What fungi affects the bone marrow
Histoplasma capsulatum
202
What fungus is in the midwest river valley and texas
Histoplasma capsulatum
203
T/F: Cryptococcus is worldwide
true
204
For systemic fungi diseases, you can test using serology.
Antigen tests for _________
Antibody for _________
Antigen: Crypto and Blasto
Antibody for all other
205
What fungal systemic diseases are you able to do serology for antigen on
Crypto and Blasto
206
How do you diagnose systemic fungi
Serology:
Antigen for crypto and blasto
Antibody for all others
Cytology: lymph nodes and lung aspirates
Histopathology
207
What anti-fungal drugs are static
Ketoconazole
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
208
What anti-fungal is cidal
Amphotericin B
209
What anti-fungal is most toxic to the liver
Ketoconazole
210
What anti-fungal has the best CNS and ocular penetration
Fluconazole
211
Most anti-fungal drugs require
months of therapy
212
What species is the nasal mite
Pneumonyssoides
213
What are the clinical signs of Pneumonyssoides
sneezing
milding cough
normal temp
serous nasal discharge
214
How do you treat Pneumonyssoides
-Milbemycin
-Ivermectin (high dose)
-Selamectin
-Moxidectin
215
What is the nasal worm
Eucoleus bohemi
216
How do you diagnose Eucoleus bohemi
fecal float
217
How do you treat Eucoleus bohemi
Milbemycin
Ivermectin
Fenbendazole
optimal drug unknown
dual treatment needed in one dog
218
What are the clinical signs of Eucoleus bohemi
Serous discharge and sneeze
219
What is the tracheal nodular worm
Oslerus osleri
220
How do you treat Oslerus osleri
Fenbendazole
Macrocytic lactones
221
What feline coronavirus serotype is most common
Type I
222
feline coronavirus type 2 serotype is a recombination of
Type 1 with canine coronavirus
223
In feline coronaviruses, what binds to host receptors
Spike (S) gene and proteins binds to host receptors
-Aminopeptidase N is feline host cell receptor for type 2
-Allows entry into cells
224
What kind of virus is feline coronavirus
RNA viruses with high rate of mutation
225
What is the effusive form of FIP
-high protein, low cellularity
potentially related to poor cell mediated and humoral immunity
226
What is the non-effusive form of FIP
characterized by development of pyogranulomas (multiple tissues)
potentially related to partial immune responses and so less vasculitis than the effusive form
227
What does the effusion look like in the effusive form of FIP
yellow
high protein, low cellularity
228
What form of FIP has a partial immune response
Non-effusive
229
What form of FIP is related to poor cell mediated and humoral immunity
Effusive
230
What are the ocular changes seen with FIP
-Anterior uveitis
-Iritis
-Chorioretinitis
-Keratic precipitates
231
What are the 3 neurological changes seen with FIP
1) Periventricular encephalitis
2) Rhombencephalitis
3) Diffuse leptomeningitis
232
What viruses cause neuro signs in cats
1) H5N1
2) Rabies
3) FIP
233
What can happen to the GI with FIP
focal GI obstruction
-confused with neoplasia in some cases
-aspirate the mass for imunofluorescence staining or PCR (to tell from lymphoma)
234
What causes endogenous uveitis in cats
1) Idiopathic is most common
2) Uveitis and fever in combination
-FIP (purebred and stress)
-Bartonella (exposure to fleas)
-Cryptococcus and other fungi
-Toxoplasma gondii (hunting)
-Ehrlichia canis (Rhipicephalus)
-Leishmania (sandflies and france)
-Feline herpes 1 (previous or upper current respiratory signs)
235
Cat with uveitis, fever, and fleas.
What is the likely cause
Barotonella spp
236
Cat with uveitis, fever, and is a common hunter, what is likely cause
Toxoplasma gondii
237
Dog with uveitis, fever, and rhipicephalus ticks on them. What is the likely cause
Ehrlichia canis
238
How is Leishmania spread to cause uveitis and fever
sandflies in france
239
How do you confirm non-effusive FIP
1) Immunohistochemistry or RT PCR assay to confirm presence of FCoV
2) Combination of findings
-Hyperglobulinemia
-Lymphopenia
-Positive titer
Approx 80% specific
3) Combine with exclusion of other causes- Doxy and Pred trial?
240
In animals with uveitis and fever. What should all infectious cases get if theres not conjunctivitis
Topical Pred acetate to prevent lens luxation and subsequent glaucoma
241
FIP has lymphopenia or lymphocytosis
FIP lymphopenia
While a lot of other infectious causes (Bartonella, Toxo, Ehrlichia) have lymphyocytosis
242
How do you diagnose effusive FIP
1) Pyogranulomatous pleuritis
2) TP > 3.5 g/dl (high)
3) Low Cells: 5,000-15,000/ul (non-degenerative PMN and macrophages)
4) Albumin/globulin ration
<0.4 = 100% PPV (lots globulin)
0.4-0.8 = 80% PPV
>0.8 = 100% negative predictive value
5) PCR
-
243
In effusive FIP, TP of effusion is
>3.5 g/dl
244
In effusive FIP, the albumin/globulin ration is
<0.4 (100% PPV)
0.4-0.8 (80% PPV)
245
In effusive FIP, cell count of effusion is typically
Low Cells: 5,000-15,000/ul (non-degenerative PMN and macrophages)
246
What makes you suspicious of FIP
shelters
catteries
fever
ocular signs
neurological signs
247
FIP cats have hypo or hyperglobulinemia
hyperglobulinemia
248
Confirm FCoV antigens with __________
Confirm FCoV RNA with _________
antigens: immunostaining
RNA: RT-PCR
249
nucleoside analogue that inhibits RNA viruses like FIP
GS-441524
250
only FIP drug that you can legally write a prescription for
remdesivir (injectable)
251
FIP drugs available
1) Remdesivir (injectible)- can legally prescribe
2) GS-441524: not legal but AVMA will not puruse
3) Monupiravir: human merck wont pursue but unknown about veterinary
protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogues
252
T/F: FIP inducing mutants usually are not contagious
True
253
How do you prevent FIP
-Lessen crowding and stress
-Maintain sanitation
-Control coinfections and parasitism
-House kittens away from adults at 4-6 weeks of age
-Seriologically screen at 14-16 weeks (if negative, potentially FCoV free)
-Vaccination?- likely not recommended, not effective
254
What is the pathogenesis of FIV
1) Infected cat sheds virus in saliva and transmits infection to other cats through fighting
2) Acute phase: transient mild fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy (1-3 months)
3) Asymptomatic Phase: viral sheding in saliva- many cats wont progress beyond this phase
4) Clinical phase: functional immunodeficiency may develop in some cats. Increased risk of secondary infections, immune mediated disease or neoplasia
255
T/F: many cats wont develop into clinical immunodeficiency phase with FIV
True
functional immunodeficiency may develop in some cats. Increased risk of secondary infections, immune mediated disease or neoplasia
256
What is seen in the acute phase of FIV
transient mild fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy (1-3 months)
257
What is seen in the asymptomatic phase of FIV
viral shedding in saliva- many cats wont progress beyond this phase
258
What should you do for all cat bite abscess cases
see back in 60 days for FIV testing
259
How is FIV transmitted?
1) Parenteral inoculation *
2) Passive contact- probably rare
3) Venereal transmission
4) Lactational transmission
260
Primary disease syndromes of FIV
-Fever
-Enteritis
-Glomerulonephritis
-Renal azotemia
-Uveitis
-Behavioral/neurologic
-Lymphoma
261
How do you test for FIV
-Antibodies (snap)
-PCR assay
262
FIV test is a test for
antibodies
263
FeLV test is a test for
antigens
264
Is FIV or FeLV more likely to be oncogenic
FeLV
265
How is FeLV typically spread
chronic contact
passive transmission can occur
shed in saliva, blood, urine, feces, milk
266
85% of progressive FeLV infections will be
dead in 3 years
267
What forms of FeLV will regress and become negative
-Abortive infection
-Regressive infection (with or without previous transient viremia)
268
What are the 3 clinical syndromes of FeLV
1) Neoplasia *
2) Bone marrow abnormalities
3) Immune deficiencies with secondary infections
269
What neoplasia does FeLV cause
Lymphoma
-Nasal
-Mediastinal
-Alimentary
270
What cytopathies is seen with FeLV
-any cell line (sometimes just anemia, thrombocytopenia or can be all 3 of them)
-pancytopenia
-non-regenerative anemia with BIG MCV
271
What anemia is pathognomonic for FeLV
Non-regenerative anemia with big MCV
272
What secondary infections are typically seen with FeLV?
-FIP
-URD
-Toxoplasma gondii
-Cryptococcus neoformans
-Others
treat for these diseases because some CD4 counts in cats are normal
273
How do you test for FeLV
1) p27 antigen test
ELISA- serum, plasma, blood*
IFA- blood or bone marrow
2) Virus isolation- bone marrow
3) PCR for proviral DNA- blood or bone marrow
274
What fluid is best for FeLV testing
blood- FeLV antigen in platelets and neutrophils
most sensitivity
275
What should you do if you seen a cat with cytopathies but the blood test is negative for FelV
consider repeating the proviral DNA PCR test on blood or plasma
could do the bone marrow IFA or virus isolation if you wanted to
276
What else, aside from FeLV can cause a nonregenerative macrocytosis
Sulfa drugs
277
FeLV virus isolations is done with what sample
bone marrow
278
FeLV p27 antigen ELISA is done on what sample
blood (more sensitive)
serum
plasma
279
FeLV p27 antigen IFA is done on what sample
blood or bone marrow
280
FeLV PCR for proviral DNA is done on what samples
blood or bone marrow
281
What should you do if you see a cat with macrocytosis without reticulocytosis
keep looking for FeLV
282
1 yo MS DSH indoor/ outdoor ca in Denver with a nasal granuloma
FIV AB positive
likely bug?
Cryptococcus neoformans
283
Why should you keep FeLV cats indoors
1) Dont infect other cats
2) Dont get secondary infections
284
FIV antibodies or FeLV antigen are not
immune function tests
the only way to determine the prognosis doe a secondary infection is to treat
285
Should you use FeLV vaccine
yes by most experts
kittens for sure and adults if indoors/outdoors
annually if high risk*
risk of injection site sarcoma about 1:10,000
286
Why is the FIV vaccine no longer available
1) Low efficacy
2) Induced antibodies that can be detected in most screening ELISAs
287
What syndromes does canine distemper cause
1) GI
2) respiratory
ocular and neuro if cant contain it (if vaccinated, wont get CNS distemper)
288
Adenovirus-1 causes ____________ while
Adenovirus-2 causes
_________________
Adenovirus-1: Infectious canine hepatitis
Adenovirus-2: Respiratory
vaccines for adenovirus 2 (cross protects against 1)
289
