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CLIN SCI 4 EX2 > Fundus > Flashcards

Fundus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the fundus

A

-Retina (10 layers)
-Optic Nerve
-Choroid (includes tapetum)

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2
Q

Inside to outside layers of the posterior eye

A

Retina
Choroid
Sclera

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3
Q

forms the blood-aqeuous barrier of the retina

A

retinal pigmented epithelium

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4
Q

layer of the retina where neurons transmit visual signal to brain

A

retinal ganglion cells (RGC)

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5
Q

The optic nerve head is myelinated in _____ and myelinated in ______

A

dogs: myelinated
cats: non-myelinated

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6
Q

retinal vessels that radiate from disk
present in dogs/cats/humans/cows

A

Holangiotic blood supply

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7
Q

what is the cause of the light pink color of the optic nerve head

A

myelination (cat does not have much myelination of optic nerve, therefore a darker optic nerve head in cats)

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8
Q

peripapillary (ONH) vessels
present in the horse

A

Paurangiotic

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9
Q

horizontal ray of vessels
present in the rabbit

A

merangiotic

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10
Q

no blood vessels in the retina,
pecten present
present in the bird

A

anangiotic

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11
Q

tapetum seen in blue eyed dog where the fundus looks very red due to looking at choroic no pigment in the RPE

A

subalbinotic

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12
Q

How does the fundus change with age

A

matures about 3-4 months
optic disk myelinates
tapetal color changes (puppy tapetum is blue)

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13
Q

What are signs of fundus disease

A

1) Taptetal hyperreflectivitiy
2) Retinal vascular attenuation

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14
Q

What does diffuse hyperreflectivity of the tapetum tell you

A

retinal atrophy

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15
Q

What does a focal area of hyperreflective tapetum tell you

A

Chorioretinal scar- previous history of inflammation (chorioretinitis) leaving a scar

seen a lot in distemper

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16
Q

What disease is chorioretinal scar typically seen in

A

Distemper

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17
Q

Where you dont see as many retinal blood vessels

A

Retinal blood vessel attenuation - seen with retinal atrophy

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18
Q

in an animal with an absent tapetum, how can you tell there is retinal blood vessel attenuation

A

look at the area of the optic nerve and look for attenuation of retinal blood vessels

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19
Q

When is nontapetal hyper and hypopigmentation typically seen

A

Hypo: immune mediated diseases destroying the pigment (immune mediated retinopathy)

Hyper: choroid scarring (fungal, etc)

20
Q

What should you do if you notice fundus hemorrhage

A

systemic diseases - CBC/CHEM, Blood pressure, 4DX

21
Q

What are the different types of retinal detachement

A

1) Serous RD: fluid in subretinal space (looks like morning glory)
2) Tractional RD: optic nerve harder to see due to retina covering it. caused by trauma and surgery

22
Q

tapetal hyperreflecitivity is a sign of a

A

CHRONIC DISEASE = thinning
1) Historical Chorioretinitis- scar post-infection/inflammtion
2) Inherited Atrophy **
3) Age related atrophy
4) Congenital atrophy

23
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy *

A

inherited congenital disease where the retinal degenerated
dogs > cats, horses
variable age of onset
Nyctalopia (loss of night vision)
Progresses over years to loss of day vision
Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Retinal vessel attenuation

24
Q

types of inherited/congenital retina atrophies

A

1) Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
2) Retinal dysplasia +/- folds
3) Retinal dysplasia/fold

25
Q

What are the signs of Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

A

1) Loss of night vision (nyctalopia) that progresses over years to loss of day vision
2) Tapetal hyperreflectivity
3) Retinal vessel attenuation

26
Q

How do you diagnose Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

A

clinical signs, breed, history
electroretinogram (early)
optigen genetic testing

27
Q

How do you treat Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)

A

none +/- antioxidants (Ocu-Glo)

if immature cataracts are present: topical NSAIDS to prevent lens induced uveitis

28
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) can cause:

A

cataracts leading to lens induced uveitis which can cause secondary glaucoma

29
Q

What are clinical signs of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

A

-middle aged, spayed female
acute onset blindness
initially no fundic changes
PLRS weak, eventually lost
Cushings signs: PU/PD, polyphagia

30
Q

How do you diagnose sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

A

use electroretinography- important to distinguish between retinal disease and neurologic

*Flat-line ERG results despite normal fundus

31
Q

Dog is blind and normal ophthalmic findings,
ERG is performed and its is normal.
What is the cause of the acute blindness

A

Neurologic

32
Q

Dog is blind and normal ophthalmic findings,
ERG is performed and its is flat.
What is the cause of the acute blindness

A

sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

33
Q

How do you treat sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)

A

none known
may have immuen mediate component
immunosuppressives can be tried but rarely work
may or may not have Cushing’s disease

34
Q

What causes pigment changes in the retina

A

1) Retina folding
2) Chronic post-inflammatory change
3) Cellular infiltrate- active inflammatory change

35
Q

What are classic breeds to get congenital retinal dysplasia/fold

A

Labs
CKCS

36
Q

another name for posterior uveitis

A

chorioretinitis

37
Q

How do you differentiate between active vs chronic chorioretinitis

A

Active: not in focused, curved and tortuous vessels, fluffy optic nerve, spots of hemorrhage

Chronic: brown discoloration multifocal in subretinal space, choroid scar (hypo and hyper reflection)

38
Q

What causes chorioretinitis

A

Infectious: Fungal, viral, bacterial, rickettsial, protozoal, parasites (HUNTING AND HIKING DOGS + beach dogs)

Immune medicated

hypertension

coagulopathies

neoplasia - lymphoma

39
Q

How do you diagnose chorioretinitis

A

-PE
-CBC/CHEM/UA
-Fungal titers
-Viral testing (FELV/FIV)
-CSF taps
-Imaging (chest x-ray, abdominal ultrasound, skull MRI)

treatment depends on cause

40
Q

What causes fundic hemorrhage

A

-coagulopathy
-hypertension
-rickettsial tickborne
-neoplasia
-age-related
-diabetic retinopathy

41
Q

What causes serous/exudative retinal detachment

A

systemic hypertension, infection, neoplasia or immune mediated

42
Q

What causes tractional or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A

intraocular sx
trauma
congenital

43
Q

Clinical signs of optic neuritis

A

swelling of disk (hyperemic optic nerve head)
indistinct borders
hemorrhage on or adjacent to disk
unilateral or bilateral
loss of PLRs
Blindness

44
Q

What causes optic neuritis

A

similar to anterio uveitis, chorioretinitis
1) Systemic: fungal, viral, protozoal, toxoplasmosis
2) Neoplasia (lymphoma, meningioma)
3) Immune mediated
4) Granulomatous meningencephalitis (GME)

tx w systemic steroids, depending on the cause

45
Q
A

CLIN SCI 4 EX2 (5 decks)

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