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CLIN SCI 4 EX2 > Fundus > Flashcards

Fundus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the fundus

A

-Retina (10 layers)
-Optic Nerve
-Choroid (includes tapetum)

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2
Q

Inside to outside layers of the posterior eye

A

Retina
Choroid
Sclera

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3
Q

forms the blood-aqeuous barrier of the retina

A

retinal pigmented epithelium

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4
Q

layer of the retina where neurons transmit visual signal to brain

A

retinal ganglion cells (RGC)

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5
Q

The optic nerve head is myelinated in _____ and myelinated in ______

A

dogs: myelinated
cats: non-myelinated

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6
Q

retinal vessels that radiate from disk
present in dogs/cats/humans/cows

A

Holangiotic blood supply

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7
Q

what is the cause of the light pink color of the optic nerve head

A

myelination (cat does not have much myelination of optic nerve, therefore a darker optic nerve head in cats)

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8
Q

peripapillary (ONH) vessels
present in the horse

A

Paurangiotic

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9
Q

horizontal ray of vessels
present in the rabbit

A

merangiotic

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10
Q

no blood vessels in the retina,
pecten present
present in the bird

A

anangiotic

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11
Q

tapetum seen in blue eyed dog where the fundus looks very red due to looking at choroic no pigment in the RPE

A

subalbinotic

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12
Q

How does the fundus change with age

A

matures about 3-4 months
optic disk myelinates
tapetal color changes (puppy tapetum is blue)

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13
Q

What are signs of fundus disease

A

1) Taptetal hyperreflectivitiy
2) Retinal vascular attenuation

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14
Q

What does diffuse hyperreflectivity of the tapetum tell you

A

retinal atrophy

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15
Q

What does a focal area of hyperreflective tapetum tell you

A

Chorioretinal scar- previous history of inflammation (chorioretinitis) leaving a scar

seen a lot in distemper

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16
Q

What disease is chorioretinal scar typically seen in

A

Distemper

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17
Q

Where you dont see as many retinal blood vessels

A

Retinal blood vessel attenuation - seen with retinal atrophy

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18
Q

in an animal with an absent tapetum, how can you tell there is retinal blood vessel attenuation

A

look at the area of the optic nerve and look for attenuation of retinal blood vessels

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19
Q

When is nontapetal hyper and hypopigmentation typically seen

A

Hypo: immune mediated diseases destroying the pigment (immune mediated retinopathy)

Hyper: choroid scarring (fungal, etc)

20
Q

What should you do if you notice fundus hemorrhage

A

systemic diseases - CBC/CHEM, Blood pressure, 4DX

21
Q

What are the different types of retinal detachement

A

1) Serous RD: fluid in subretinal space (looks like morning glory)
2) Tractional RD: optic nerve harder to see due to retina covering it. caused by trauma and surgery

22
Q

tapetal hyperreflecitivity is a sign of a

A

CHRONIC DISEASE = thinning
1) Historical Chorioretinitis- scar post-infection/inflammtion
2) Inherited Atrophy **
3) Age related atrophy
4) Congenital atrophy

23
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy *

A

inherited congenital disease where the retinal degenerated
dogs > cats, horses
variable age of onset
Nyctalopia (loss of night vision)
Progresses over years to loss of day vision
Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Retinal vessel attenuation

24
Q

types of inherited/congenital retina atrophies

A

1) Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
2) Retinal dysplasia +/- folds
3) Retinal dysplasia/fold

25
What are the signs of Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
1) Loss of night vision (nyctalopia) that progresses over years to loss of day vision 2) Tapetal hyperreflectivity 3) Retinal vessel attenuation
26
How do you diagnose Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
clinical signs, breed, history electroretinogram (early) optigen genetic testing
27
How do you treat Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
none +/- antioxidants (Ocu-Glo) if immature cataracts are present: topical NSAIDS to prevent lens induced uveitis
28
Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) can cause:
cataracts leading to lens induced uveitis which can cause secondary glaucoma
29
What are clinical signs of sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
-middle aged, spayed female acute onset blindness initially no fundic changes PLRS weak, eventually lost Cushings signs: PU/PD, polyphagia
30
How do you diagnose sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
use electroretinography- important to distinguish between retinal disease and neurologic *Flat-line ERG results despite normal fundus
31
Dog is blind and normal ophthalmic findings, ERG is performed and its is normal. What is the cause of the acute blindness
Neurologic
32
Dog is blind and normal ophthalmic findings, ERG is performed and its is flat. What is the cause of the acute blindness
sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
33
How do you treat sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
none known may have immuen mediate component immunosuppressives can be tried but rarely work may or may not have Cushing's disease
34
What causes pigment changes in the retina
1) Retina folding 2) Chronic post-inflammatory change 3) Cellular infiltrate- active inflammatory change
35
What are classic breeds to get congenital retinal dysplasia/fold
Labs CKCS
36
another name for posterior uveitis
chorioretinitis
37
How do you differentiate between active vs chronic chorioretinitis
Active: not in focused, curved and tortuous vessels, fluffy optic nerve, spots of hemorrhage Chronic: brown discoloration multifocal in subretinal space, choroid scar (hypo and hyper reflection)
38
What causes chorioretinitis
Infectious: Fungal, viral, bacterial, rickettsial, protozoal, parasites (HUNTING AND HIKING DOGS + beach dogs) Immune medicated hypertension coagulopathies neoplasia - lymphoma
39
How do you diagnose chorioretinitis
-PE -CBC/CHEM/UA -Fungal titers -Viral testing (FELV/FIV) -CSF taps -Imaging (chest x-ray, abdominal ultrasound, skull MRI) treatment depends on cause
40
What causes fundic hemorrhage
-coagulopathy -hypertension -rickettsial tickborne -neoplasia -age-related -diabetic retinopathy
41
What causes serous/exudative retinal detachment
systemic hypertension, infection, neoplasia or immune mediated
42
What causes tractional or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
intraocular sx trauma congenital
43
Clinical signs of optic neuritis
swelling of disk (hyperemic optic nerve head) indistinct borders hemorrhage on or adjacent to disk unilateral or bilateral loss of PLRs Blindness
44
What causes optic neuritis
similar to anterio uveitis, chorioretinitis 1) Systemic: fungal, viral, protozoal, toxoplasmosis 2) Neoplasia (lymphoma, meningioma) 3) Immune mediated 4) Granulomatous meningencephalitis (GME) tx w systemic steroids, depending on the cause
45

CLIN SCI 4 EX2 (5 decks)

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