Infectious Diseases

Question 1

Pneumococcus Symptoms

Answer 1

fever, cough, headache
—
Vomiting, rapid breathing, chest pain

Question 2

Pneumococcus Cause & Mode of Transmission

Answer 2

C: Pneumococcus bacteriaMoT: Respiratory droplets
: Touching contaminated surfaces then touching your face

Question 3

Influenza symptoms

Answer 3

High fever, cough, headache
——
Sore throat, stuffy nose, muscle aches

Question 4

Influenza cause and Mode of Transmission

Answer 4

C: Influenza VIRUSMoT: Respiratory droplets in the air
: Touching contaminated surfaces then touching your face

Question 5

6 ways to reduce influenza & pneumococcus spread?

Answer 5

1. vaccine
2. Quarantine yourself if you are sick with influenza
3. Personal hygiene - Wash hands w/ soap & water regularly
4. Avoid touching eyes & nose w/o washing hands w/ soap & water
5. Avoid contact w/ the sick

Question 6

Disease definition

Answer 6

A condition that causes the body to function less effectively

Question 7

Infectious vs non-infectious diseases

Answer 7

Infect: Can be passed from person to person
Non: Can’t be passed from person to person
——
Infect: Caused by pathogens
Non: Inherited or caused by environmental factors, malnutrition and lifestyle
——
Infect: Eg influenza, pneumococcal disease, HIV
Non: Cancer, diabetes

Question 8

3 ways diseases can spread

Answer 8

1. Respiratory Droplets
   2: direct Contact
2. Contaminated water & food

Question 9

How vaccines work

Answer 9

• Vaccines intro agents that resemble the pathogen
• Presence of foreign agent stimulates lymphocytes to produce more antibodies
  ——
  ANTIBODIES:
  1- Antibodies bind to the antigens on the surface of the foreigner particles, causing them to rupture
  2- Antibodies cause foreign particles to agglutinate
  -> so easier for phagocytes to engulf and ingest them.
  3- Antibodies neutralise toxins produce by pathogens

Question 10

Bacteria vs Virus structure

Answer 10

OUTER COVERING
Bact: cell wall
Virus: Protein coat
——
GENETIC MATERIAL
Bact: DNA
Virus: DNA or RNA
——
CELL MEMBRANE
Bact: Present
Virus: Absent
——
CYTOPLASM
Bact: Present
Virus: Absent
——
RIBOSOME
Bact: Present
Virus: Absent

Question 11

Antibiotics & why don’t they affect viruses

Answer 11

1. Inhibit cell membrane function
   - Foreign stuff can enter bacteria & kill it
   ** BUT viruses do not have cell membranes
   ——
2. Inhibit protein synthesis in ribosome
   - Prevent bacteria cell from growing & it will die
   ** BUT viruses don’t have ribosomes for protein synthesis
   ——
3. Break down cell wall
   - Water will enter bacteria cell via osmosis through its partially permeable cell wall
   - Bacteria will burst with no cell wall to maintain its shape
   ** BUT viruses don’t have cell walls
   ——
   Viruses have no targets where anti can work