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Cat & Dog > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Which virus is responsible for >80% of cat flu cases?

List another virus responsible for cat flu

A

Feline calici virus (FCV)

FHV-1

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2
Q

List 3 bacterial causes of cat flu

A
  1. Mycoplasma felis
  2. Pasturella spp.
  3. Streptococcus equi (zooepidemicus)
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3
Q

List 3 ways you can diagnose cat flu

A
  1. Isolation & culture
  2. PCR
  3. Serology (limited)
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4
Q

Which antibiotic is most appropriate to treat cat flu?

A

Doxycycline

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5
Q

What is the carrier status of FHV-1 in cats?

A

80% are life long carriers (intermittent shedders)

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6
Q

What is the carrier status of FCV in cats?

A

100% shed at 30 days
50% shed at 75 days
10-25% shed long term

*No real latency, carriers will shed the virus while infected

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7
Q

How long can FHV-1 survive in the environment?

A

< 24 hours

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8
Q

How long can FCV survive in the environment?

A

8-10 days

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9
Q

List 3 possible treatments for FHV-1 cat flu

A
  1. L-lysine
  2. Famcycovir
  3. Polyprenyl immunostimulant
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10
Q

Describe a general treatment course for cat flu

A

Antibiotics and fluid/nursing support

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11
Q

How is cat flu spread

A

Via aerosols

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12
Q

List 5 ways to manage the spread of cat flu

A
  1. Decrease stocking density
  2. Increase air flow
  3. Provide sneeze barriers
  4. Disinfection
  5. Stop breeding
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13
Q

Which virus causes acute cat flu

How is the infection classified?

A

Highly pathogenic vascular systemic FCV (VS-FCV)

Severe systemic haemorrhagic fever like vascular systemic disease

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14
Q

Which group is more affected by acute cat flu (VS-FCV)

A

Adult cats

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15
Q

List 2 clinical signs of acute cat flu (VS-FCV)

Provide 3 additional general clinical signs

A
  1. SQ oedema / ulcerative dermatitis
  2. Coagulopathy / systemic vasculitis (DIC)

Pyrexia, mouth ulcers and nasal discharge

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16
Q

Why is VS-FCV so prevelent in crowded, high stress environments (i.e., resuce centres)?

A

There is a lot of FCV biodiversity in large groups (different strains, persistent/coinciding infections), meaning the virus is likely to keep re-infecting animals in the centre and recombine with other strains to make a highly pathogenic and virulent strains

There is also lots of non-neutralizing immunity, which means cats in these centres will not present with VSD, just cat flu

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17
Q

What happens when you take a cat with VS-FCV out of a resuce centre and introduce it to a non-exposed cat, and why?

A

The non-exposed cat will develop VSD from the highly pathogenic FCV, because the virus will have an altered cell tropism and basically infect everywhere

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18
Q

List 3 ways you can diagnose VS-FCV

A
  1. Epidemiology
  2. Isolation & culture
  3. Post mortem

Serology is of limited value

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19
Q

List a treatment option for VS-FCV

A

High dose interferon

Or remdesivir

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20
Q

Is vaccination effective against VS-FCV?

A

No

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21
Q

List 3 viral causes of feline infectious peritonitis

Which causes more severe disease?

A
  1. Feline coronaviruses
  2. Feline enteric coronaviruses
  3. Feline infectious peritonitis viruses

FIPVs

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22
Q

Good MCQ

Describe the pathogenesis of FIP

A
  1. Oral infection
  2. Replication in pharynx & intestines
  3. Invades enterocytes
  4. Systemic infection & immune response
  5. Widespread dissemination
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23
Q

Why is there such a high risk with FIP?

A

They are RNA viruses so they can readily mutate - when they infect & replicate in macrophages they can mutate to an even more pathogenic strain

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24
Q

List 3 factors affecting the host’s response to FCoV

A
  1. Dose of the virus
  2. Age of the cat
  3. Genetics of the cat
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25
Q

What is the majority outcome of infection with FCoV?

A

Transient infection

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26
Q

How many cats infected with FCoV develop FIP?

A

5-10%

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27
Q

Describe the pathological progression of wet FIP

A

Inflammation of blood vessels causes protein rich fluid to leak into the body cavity causing ascites and/or pleural/pericardial effusions

28
Q

Wet FIP: acute or chronic

29
Q

Dry FIP: acute or chronic

30
Q

List one clinical sign of dry FIP for each tissue affected: eye, abdomen, liver, kidney and CNS

A

Eye: uveitis
Abdomen: diarrhoea
Liver: jaundice
Kidney: renomegaly
CNS: ataxia

31
Q

List 3 changes you would see on a serum biochem for FIP

A
  1. Increased alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (an inflammatory mediator)
  2. A:G ratio less than 0.4 (indicates an inflammatory process)
  3. Increased globulins (indicates inflammatory process)
32
Q

An AGP greater than __ is indicative of FIP

A

1500 ug/mL

33
Q

Which diagnostics tests for FIP can confirm infection

A

Immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and quantitative RT-PCR

34
Q

Which diagnostic test for FIP can identify FCoV but not FIPV

35
Q

List 3 possible treatment options for FIP

What are their success rates?

A
  1. Polyprenyl immuno-stimulant (dry FIP) - 10%
  2. Nucleoside analogue GS (increase dose for wet & neuro FIP) - 77-96%
  3. Remdesivir (GS prodrug) - 85-90%
36
Q

How can you control the spread of FIP?

A

Reduce the number of cats in one place, and proper hygiene (disinfection & litter boxes)

37
Q

Describe Canine Distemper virus

A

Enveloped, single stranded RNA virus

38
Q

Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for CDV

A

Aerosol spread, infects tissue macrophages, infects tonsils and local lymph nodes, clinical disease manifests in the:
- eyes
- cutaneous epithelium
- GI epithelium
- CNS
- respiratory epithelium

39
Q

Where is CDV excreted

A

From the resp and GI epithelium

40
Q

List 3 GI clinical signs of CDV

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Anorexia
41
Q

List 3 respiratory clinical signs of CDV

A
  1. Coughing
  2. Bronchopneumonia
  3. Oculo-nasal discharge (key feature)
42
Q

List 3 ocular clinical signs of CDV

A
  1. Bilateral muco-purulent conjunctivits
  2. Dry eye
  3. Retinal degeneration
43
Q

List 3 dermatological clinical signs of CDV

A
  1. Pustular dermatitis
  2. Nasal & digital hyperkeratosis
  3. Hard pad (KEY! feature)
44
Q

List 3 CNS clinical signs of CDV

A
  1. Vestibular dysfunction
  2. Seizures
  3. Myoclonus (twitching)
45
Q

List 3 specific tests you can perform for CDV, and what each one tests for

A
  1. IFA on conjunctival smears (viral antigen)
  2. ELISA for Anti-CDV IgG (antibody)
  3. qRT-PCR on CSF (viral DNA)
46
Q

Which test for CDV is best for testing in the acute phase of disease?

47
Q

Why are ELISA and qRT-PCR not always the best for confirming CDV?

A

ELISA can only tell you about previous exposure (false positive)
qRT-PCR can’t discriminate between vaccine and natural infection

48
Q

Describe Canine Adenovirus-1

A

Non-enveloped, double stranded DNA virus

49
Q

Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for CAV-1

A

Oro-nasal infection, infects tonsils & regional lymph nodes, viraemia, clinical disease manifests in the:
- Liver
- Vascular endothelium
- Eye
- Kidney

50
Q

Where is CAV-1 excreted and for how long?

A

In the urine, for up to 9 months

51
Q

List 3 hepatic signs of CAV-1

A
  1. Hepatocellular necrosis
  2. Hepatomeagaly
  3. Abdominal distension

Jaundice is surprisingly uncommon

52
Q

List 3 vascular clinical signs of CAV-1

A
  1. Petechiation
  2. Ecchymoses
  3. Epistaxis
53
Q

List the prinicple clinical sign of CAV-1 in the eye

A

Corneal oedema (blue eye)

54
Q

What is the clinical presentation for per-acute infectious canine hepatitis

A

Within 6-24 hours of infection, collapse, coma and death

55
Q

What is the clinical presentation for acute infectious canine hepatitis

A

Within 48-72 hours, it is very variable

56
Q

What is the clinical presentation for chronic infectious canine hepatitis

A

Chronic hepatits, glomerulonephritis and uveitis

57
Q

List 3 specific diagnostic tests for CAV-1 (ICH), and what each one tests for

A
  1. PCR (viral DNA)
  2. Anti-CAV-1 serology (antibodies)
  3. Histopathology
58
Q

List 3 viral causes of canine viral enteritis

A
  1. Canine parvovirus
  2. Canine rotavirus
  3. Canine coronavirus
59
Q

Describe Canine Parvovirus

A

Non-enveloped, DNA virus

60
Q

What is the clinical incubation period for parvo?

61
Q

Describe the pathway of transmission to clinical disease for parvo

A

Oro-nasal exposure, infects the tonsils, lymph nodes and thymus, viraemia, clinical disease manifests in:
- Lymph nodes
- Bone marrow
- GI epithelium
- Eyes
- Myocardium

62
Q

Where is parvo excreted and for how long?

A

In the feces, for 3-10 days post infection

63
Q

List 2 specific diagnostic tests for parvo

A
  1. Fecal antigen test
  2. PCR
64
Q

What is another DDx for a dog presenting with parvo, and what could be the cause?

A

Infectious diarrhoae - caused by distemper, campylobacter, toxoplasmosis, giardia, leptospirosis, etc.

65
Q

How would you generally treat canine infectious diseases?

A

Supportive care (fluids, anti-emetics, analgesia, nutrition, and antibiotics for secondary infections)

66
Q

List 2 tertiary supportive therapies for parvoviral enteritis

A
  1. Interferon gamma (cytokine)
  2. Hyperimmune plasma transfusion from a previously infected survivor

Cat & Dog (7 decks)

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