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Cat & Dog > Emergency & Critical Care > Flashcards

Emergency & Critical Care Flashcards

1
Q

What measurments will a doppler BP reading give you?

A

Systolic and diastolic pressures

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2
Q

What measurements will a oscillometric BP reading give you?

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

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3
Q

What is the normal systolic BP in an awake animal?

A

100-140mmHg

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4
Q

What information do you want to get when triaging an emergency patient?

List 8

A
  1. HR & peripheral pulses
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. CRT
  4. RR & lung sounds
  5. BP
  6. Pulse oximetry
  7. PCV, total solids & blood smear
  8. Lactate & glucose
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5
Q

What is an ideal SpO2

A

> 96% (99% is best)

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6
Q

Why are we so concerned about small changes in SpO2?

A

Small changes in SpO2 mean big changes in the animals ability to exchange O2 when breathing room air

(the curve gets very steep very fast)

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7
Q

What is the normal PCV for a cat and dog?

A

Cat: 25-45%
Dog: 37-55%

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8
Q

What is the normal total protein for a cat and dog?

A

Cat: 60-85 g/L
Dog: 55-70 g/L

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9
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Normal PCV & TP

A

Normal hydration and/or early/acute haemorrhage

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10
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Increased PCV & TP

A

Dehydration and fluid shift

Losing fluid into body cavities

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11
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Decreased PCV & TP

A

Animal is being treated with aggressive fluid therapy and/or haemorrhage

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12
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Normal PCV & increased TP

A

Anaemia with dehydration, hyperproteinaemia or hyperglobuinaemia

Mostly has to do with ratios changing

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13
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Normal PCV & decreased TP

A

Protein loss, decreased protein production from the liver, acute haemorrhage with splenic contraction, severe inflammation

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14
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Increased PCV & normal TP

A

Dehydration with hypoproteinaemia, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, splenic contraction

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15
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Increased PCV & decrease TP

A

Haemorrhage with splenic contraction, dehydration with hypoproteinaemia

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16
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Decreased PCV & normal TP

A

Anaemia (bc of destruction or decreased production)

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17
Q

Interpret the following PCV & TP results

Decreased PCV & increased TP

A

Dehydration and anaemia

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18
Q

What is a normal blood glucose for a cat and dog?

A

Cat: 4-9 mmol/l
Dog: 4-6 mmol/l

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19
Q

List 4 reasons by blood glucose may be low

A
  1. Young animal
  2. It is a toy breed dog
  3. Sepsis
  4. Neoplasia
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20
Q

What is lactate a marker of?

A

Tissue perfusion

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21
Q

What is a normal lactate for both dogs and cats?

A

< 2 mmol/L

22
Q

List 3 causes for hyperlactataemia

A
  1. Hypoperfusion/hypovolaemia
  2. Severe anaemia
  3. Severe hypoxaemia
23
Q

What is more important, the initial level of lactate or its rate of reduction?

A

Lactate clearance

24
Q

How do you do a manual PLT count on a blood smear?

A

You take the average number of platelets from 10 hpf and x 15

25
Q

How many platelets should you see per hpf? How many indicates a risk for spontaneous bleeding?

A

10/hpf is normal
3-4/hpf means there is an increased risk of spontaneous bleeding

26
Q

What 4 electrolytes are we concerned about monitoring in ECC patients?

A

Potassium, sodium, cholride and ionised calcium

27
Q

What 4 things is POCUS really good at detecting?

A
  1. Pleural effusion
  2. Pericardial effusion
  3. Peritoneal effusion
  4. Pneumothorax

So bascially, free fluid or air

28
Q

What are the main goals of a thoracic POCUS?

A

Rule out effusion (pleural and pericardial), look at LA size, and assess the lung parenchyma

29
Q

Where would you position your probe to do a POCUS of the heart?

A

On the right hemithorax, 1-3 cm above the sternum, between the 4th-5th intercostal space

30
Q

What is the normal LA:Ao ratio?

A

</ 1.6

Greater than suggests LA enlargement

31
Q

An LA 2x the size of the aorta is suggestive of which condition?

A

Congestive heart failure

Along side B lines

32
Q

What are the 4 points of assessment for a lung POCUS?

Have to do on each side - 8 total

A
  1. Caudodorsal lung lobe
  2. Perihilar lung lobe
  3. Middle lung lobe
  4. Cranial lung lobe
33
Q

What should you see for a normal, dry lung on a POCUS?

A

A glide sign (gator sign) and A-lines

The glide sign is the pleural lining

34
Q

What is a B-line, and what does it indicate?

A

B-lines are streaks of light that shoot down in an ultrasound/POCUS
They indicate wet lung/the presence of fluid in the alveoli

Presence of fluid does NOT mean effusion

35
Q

What does a shred sign indicate?

A

A torn pleural line

36
Q

What does a loss of a glide sign indicate?

A

Pneumothorax

37
Q

What is a curtain sign? Is it normal or abnormal?

A

A curtain sign shows the transition between the abdomen and chest in the caudodorsal region - it is a normal finding

38
Q

What does a double curtain sign indicate? Normal or abnormal?

A

Pneumothorax - abnormal

39
Q

What findings on a POCUS would suggest pneumothorax?

A

Tee loss of the glide sign, a double curtain sign, or an asynchronous curtain sign

40
Q

What are the 5 points of assessment for an abdominal POCUS?

A
  1. Diaphragmaticohepatic view
  2. Splenorenal view
  3. Cystocolic view
  4. Hepatorenal view
  5. Umbilical view
41
Q

Where would you do a thoracocentesis for air?

A

On the dorsal 1/3 of the thorax, between the 8th-9th intercostal space

42
Q

Where would you do a thoracocentesis for fluid?

A

On the ventral 1/3 of the thorax, between the 7th-8th intercostal space

43
Q

How can you rule out sepsis using house diagnostics?

A

Perform cytology on a free fluid sample (look for bacteria!)

44
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Blood

A

Haemorrhagic
PCV > 10%

45
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Urine

A

Yellow
High creatinine

46
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Chyle

A

Milky/strawberry milkshake
High triglycerides

47
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Bile

A

Greenish
High bilirubin

48
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Transudate

A

Clear
Total protein < 25 g/l

49
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Modified transudate

A

Serous
Total protein 25-50 g/l

50
Q

Describe the apperance of the following type of effusion

Exudate

A

Cloudy
Total protein > 30 g/l

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