Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomed2 > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How can infections be transmitted

A

Either human to human or animal to human

Via direct contact or indirect contact (surface then person)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disease can be caused by

A

Microorganisms such as:
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa (single celled, causes malaria & dysentery)

Or
Multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microorganisms are either

A

Pathogenic
Or
Non pathogenic (10 times as many bacteria as body cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Commensal microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship between organisms where one benefits & the other is unaffected e.g microbes on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mutualistic microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship between organisms whereby both benefit e.g E. coli makes vitamin K for humans & we offer perfect environment to thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parasitic microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship between organisms where one benefits at the others expense e.g head lice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Opportunistic microbe relationship

A

Symbiotic relationship between organisms which is initially commensal/mutualistic then becoming parasitic e.g candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Light microscope vs electron

A

Light = Most whole microorganisms

Electron = very small eg viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bacilli

A

Rod shaped bacteria
Eg E coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cocci

A

Spherical shaped bacteria
Eg streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is spirochetes

A

Spiral shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is gram staining

A

Helps categorise bacteria via staining

Gram positive = purple
Gram negative = pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are gram positive bacteria

A

Thick mesh like Type of cell wall
Made of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are gram negative bacteria

A

Thin cell wall with outer lipid-rich membrane
Made of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - which is released when die which can cause bad effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Asexually via binary fission
Rapid cell division ‘copies’
Eg E coli can divide in as little as 20 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define spore

A

A structure that is resistant to hostile conditions such as heat & disinfectants

Dormant life form

Found in bacteria, fungi, protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Released by living microbes, gram positive & negative bacteria

Very toxic eg protein toxins
have a variety of effects on bodily functions

Eg diptheria (inhibits protein synthesis in pharynx), E coli, tetani, botulinum toxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are invasive enzymes

A

Enzymes produced by bacteria that help them invade a host eg haemolytic streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Released by LPS bacteria, gram negative
Released after organism death from cell wall

Often causes fever/malaise & stimulate inflammatory cascade
Usually less toxic
Eg salmonella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is microflora

A

Encompasses naturally occurring microorganisms inhabiting the healthy human body - mostly bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where should bacteria be present in the body

A

Nasal cavity, skin, mouth, small & large intestine, vagina & perineum (between vag & anus)

Can become pathogenic if local environment changes or compromised immune system ‘opportunistic’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where should bacteria not be present in the body

A

Blood, csf, lungs, stomach, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovary, bladder & kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Complications of antibiotic overuse

A

Leads to more side effects & antibiotic resistance

Higher risk of diseases including asthma & inflammatorry bowel diseases

Side effects include: impaired immunity, candida (yeast) overgrowth (due to loss of flora), diarrhea etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasites - need a living host for survival & replication
Arguable if even alive

Not cells but rather consist of either a strand of RNA or DNA in a hard protein coat ‘capsid’ which is unique to each virus

So small said 500 million rhinoviruses could fit a head on the head of a pin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

DNA viruses are

A

Mostly double stranded
Include varicellar zoster, herpes, smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

RNA viruses are

A

Measles, mumps, HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

Injecting their own RNA or DNA strand into a living host cell, leaving capsid outside & then using host cells apparatus for reproduction
Generally bursts host cell as leaves it

Unique because can only multiply inside cells of other living things

Only infect certain hosts, express specificty due to surface viral proteins eg muscles, nerves etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why are viruses difficult to destroy

A
  1. Hide inside host cells (can be latent) which is difficult for body to identify
  2. Do not have own metabolism - hence antimicrobial agents cant target specific enzymes
  3. Do not have many structures - not much to target
  4. Ability to mutate & change surface antigens - means avoids host immune response eg flu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is viral lysis

A

Virus particles burst out host cell into extracellular space resulting in death of host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is viral budding

A

Virus exits a cell & acquires a piece of host cells outer membrane causing cell death (protective layer for virus)
Used in viruses that need this envelope eg HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is viral latent stage

A

Stage of infection where disease is present but hidden & inactive
Can remain in latent stage for years
Eg herpes simplex, chicken pox etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is found in fungi cell wall

A

Melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mycosis means

A

Fungal infection

Usually very resistant but are opportunistic

34
Q

What are yeast fungi

A

Single celled fungus that reproduce by budding
Eg candida albicans

35
Q

What are mould fungi

A

Multicellular
Some cause disease eg aspergillus (lung disease)
Others used in food & medicine production eg penicillium

36
Q

What are dermatophytes

A

Fungus causing skin disease
Obtain nutrients from keratin in skin (no living tissue invaded) & colonise in stratum corneum
Only fungus dependent on humans
Eg Tinea (causes athletes foot)

37
Q

What are hyphae

A

Fungal filaments

38
Q

What are mycelium

A

‘Mesh’ of intertwined filaments
Multicellular living structure

39
Q

How does asexual v sexual fungal reproduction occur

A

Asexual = occurs via budding, extension of hyphae, containing chromatin that eventually detach & develop into an independent organism

Sexyal = less common & occurs via fungal spores

40
Q

Protozoa are

A

Eukaryotic organisms

Exist as single cells & have no cell wall, just a membrane

Live in moist environments eg water, soils, ocean

Move either via flagella (tail), cilia (hairs) or vector (intermediary carrier eg mosquito)

Reproduce either via binary fission & budding
Can occur sexually or form cysts but only in unfavourable environments

41
Q

What are helminths

A

Eukaryotic & macroscopic multicellular organisms

Parasitic worms usually intestinal parasites but can be in blood or tissue too

Life cycle egg, larvae, adult

42
Q

Epidemic

A

Where infections occur in larger groups

43
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide infection occurring

44
Q

Endemic

A

Infections restricted to a specific area

45
Q

Reservoir

A

Location the pathogen exists, reproduces & spreads to new hosts

46
Q

Carrier

A

Infected individuals who are asymptomatic

47
Q

Vector

A

Intermediate carrier, transporting pathogens from reservoir to host

48
Q

Host

A

An infected person or animal

49
Q

Nosocomial transmission

A

Acquired from a medical setting (hospital or care facility) e.g surgical site, UTIs, pneumonia, ulcers

50
Q

How can infection be acquired (note not transmitted!)

A

Ingestion
Direct to blood stream
Sexual intercourse
Inhalation
Touch
Placental

51
Q

Incubation period

A

Time interval between initial exposure to infecting organism & appearance of first signs or symptoms produced, non-specific usually

52
Q

Prodromal infection period

A

Interval from non-specific symptoms (malaise, fever, fatigue) to more specific acute symptoms

53
Q

Methods of infection control

A
  • reducing reservoir
  • stop droplet transmission (gloves, covering mouth)
  • handwashing, condoms etc
  • killing organism
  • sterilisation
54
Q

What is a dermatome

A

Distribution of skin supplied by a nerve

55
Q

Serious complication of infectious diseases

A

Sepsis/septicaemia

Pathogen infected the blood causing injury to body’s own organs, potentially leading to multi-organ failure

Higher risk in elderly >75, very young <1, alcoholics, diabetics, chemotherapy patients, immune compromised eg HIV

56
Q

Sepsis symptoms

A

Lethargy, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, coughing

57
Q

Diagnostic testing methods for infectious disease

A
  1. Culture/staining (pink for exo, purple endo)
  2. Blood tests - ESR, leukocytes
  3. Stool test
  4. Radiography - Xrays, MRI etc
58
Q

What are cellulitis & erysipelas & impetigo

A

Bacterial infections of skin
, inflammation found in dermis & upper subcutaneous

Impetigo = pustules, grow larger daily, yellow/golden crusts

59
Q

What is the anti-candida protocol

A

For oral & genital candidiasis
Usually presents after broad spectrum antibiotics/immune compromised

Remove carbs that feed yeast, supplement apple cide vinegar, coconut oil, manuka honey, turmeric, garlic/grapefruit seed extract/tea tree/ oregano oil gargle

60
Q

What is lyme disease

A

Caused by bacterium ‘Borelia’ transmitted by tick bites

Circular pink/red rash radiates from bite 3-36 days to form
Flu-like symptoms
Disease complications neurological, cardio & arthritis

61
Q

What is diphtheria

A

Highly contagious upper respiratory tract bacterial infection
Gram positive bacteria = exotoxins cause endothelial necrosis by inhibiting protein synthesis - severe complications!

Typical grey membrane grows across the tonsils/pharynx or nose

DPT vax introduced

62
Q

What is scarlet fever

A

Streptococcus bacterial infection - secrete exotoxins & haemolytic enzymes which cause typical red rash (blanches under pressure)
90% cases children <10

3-4 days incubation
First 2 days white tongue with red papillae after this raw red

63
Q

What is chicken pox

A

Highly infectious viral disease 90% occurring in childhood
Varicella-zoster (part of herpes fam)
2-3 weeks incubation, approx 2 weeks duration prodromal fever & malaise

Vesicular eruptions pruritic appear over 3-5 days, infective 2 days before until crusting lesions

Sever itching can lead to serious secondary complications, infection, encephalitis, viral pneumonia

64
Q

What is shingles

A

Reinfection following chicken pox infection in immune compromised

Virus travels down infected nerve causing neuritis
Commonly thoracic/trigeminal
Burning, itching/tingling severe
Then eruptive rash in affected dermatome

65
Q

What is whooping cough

A

Bacterial infection with characteristic coughing attacks with desperate attempt to breathe in, creating ‘whooping’

Initial 1-2 weeks cold/flu like symptoms
Then a cough unresponsive to normal meds
Cough progresses worse with attacks 3-6 weeks

66
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Systemic infection caused by pyogenic bacteria, resistant to adherence, a chronic granulomatous disease

75% affects lungs because highly aerobic - oxygen loving
Fever, chronic cough, purulent/bloody sputum, severe drenching night sweats

Raised ESR & leukocytes in blood test
6 month antibiotic

67
Q

Pathophysiology of tuberculosis

A

Macrophages in lungs engulf bacteria & carry to lymph nodes
Some organisms can spread to distant areas
80% ‘granulomas’ formed will be eliminated by immune system
If not, bacteria can become active immediately, later or remain dormant

Spread via droplets, inspiration of dust & dry excretions, contaminated milk ! Bovine TB

68
Q

Explain pathophysiology of HIV

A

Virus binds to CD4 receptors, which are found on T-helper cells & macrophages

Viral envelope & host cell membrane fuse & RNA enters the cell

Converted by enzyme ‘reverse transcriptase’ into viral DNA. Using enzyme ‘integrase’ it integrates into the host cell DNA

Viral DNA forces host cell to produce viral RNA & proteins. Once substantial amount produced, they assemble in the cytoplasm & bud off, rupturing host

As viral load increases, T-cell CD4 count decreases

69
Q

What is measles & koplik spots

A

Acute infectious viral disease mainly in children
Non-specific cold symptoms followed by ‘koplik spots’ small grey spots on oral mucosa opposite molars
Eruptive phase face rash to rest of body, fades within 1 week contagious 4 days before and after

Mmr vax

70
Q

What is mumps & complication

A

Viral infection affecting exocrine glands causing swelling of parotid/salivary glands

30% males post puberty get testicular inflammation = sterility

71
Q

What is rubella & complications

A

Rare, usually harmless viral infection passes unnoticed
Sore throat, petechiae on hard palate, pink rash with small macules start on face & behind ears

Pregnancy can cause abnormal foetal development & miscarriage

72
Q

Different types of hepatitis & complication

A

Viral infection of liver

A & E = faecal-oral
B, C, D = blood & bodily fluids

Pre-icteric stage = malaise & diarrhoea
Icteric = jaundice, dark urine, pruritic skin (insufficient bile salt secretion), enlarged liver, impaired blood clotting

85% Hep C becomes chronic: cirrhosis/cancer

73
Q

What is poliomyelitis

A

Poliovirak infection
Faeco-oral transmission

Targets anterior horn cells of CNS (motor) & no cure
90% asymptomatic
Fever fatigue, 1% paralysis
5-10% die respiratory failure

74
Q

What kind of virus is HIV

A

An STI retrovirus = double strand RNA virus (can convert from RNA to DNA in host cell using REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE)

Dies quickly outside body
Transmissable through blood & semen, high risk unprotected anal
6-7% IV drug use
Mothers increade risk during birth/pregnancy/breastfeeding

75
Q

HIV diagnosis

A

Blood test for antibodies - delay in appearance (2 weeks-6 months!) during tests can be inaccurate
Babies have antibodies not necessarily +

Inital stage 1-2 post-infection = 50% asymptomatic, flu/glandular fever

Late stage = CD4 drop, rise in viral load, opportunistic infections, anaemia anorexia cachexia neurological disease peripheral neuropathy cytopenias HIV dementia

76
Q

What is cachexia

A

Weight loss & muscle wasting
HIV sign

77
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV as CD4 count lowers

A

<500 = herpes, candidiasis, kaposi’s sarcoma
<200 = toxoplasmosis, pneumonia, AIDS
<50 = severe mycobacterium infections, HIV dementia

78
Q

What is HAART therapy

A

Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Slows down viral replication
Variety of side effects due to high drug toxicity - overloading liver

Currently No cure

79
Q

When does AIDS usually present

A

Later stages of HIV when severely impaired immune system & life-threatening infections occur
CD4 = <200

Non-transmissable

Eg recurrent pneumonia, active TB, candida, lymphoma, cancer, shingles, kaposis sarcoma, cytomegalovirus, salmonella

80
Q

What is Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

Blood vessel cancer

Biomed2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions