Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum; Area, transmission, species, organs, diagnosis

A

Area
• MS. OH. MO river valleys & mid-south US

Transmission
• inhalation

Species
• cats > dogs

Organs
• immune organs, bones, eyes w/ multi-organ (cats), CNS, GI (in dogs)

Diagnosis
• organisms in aspirate or biopsy
• serum or urine Ag test

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2
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis; Area, transmission, species, organs, diagnosis

A

Area
• MS. OH. MO river valleys
• mid-atlantic
• S Canada

Transmission
• inhalation
• rare direct innoculation

Species
• dogs>cats

Organs
• lungs, bones, lymph, skin, eyes, CNS, testes

Diagnosis
• organisms in aspirate or biopsy
• serum or urine Ag test

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3
Q

Coccidoides immitis; Area, transmission, species, organs, diagnosis

A

Area
• SW US, CA, Mexico, S America

Transmission
• Inhalation

Species
• dogs>cats

Organs
• lungs, bones, lymph, skin, eyes, pericardium, CNS

Diagnosis
• organisms in aspirate or biopsy
• serum or urine Ab test (also shows exposure only)

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4
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans; Area, transmission, species, organs, diagnosis

A

Area
• worldwide

Transmission
• inhalation

Species
• cats>dogs

Organs
• respiratory, skin, eyes, CNS, most common is nasal

Diagnosis
• organisms in aspirate or biopsy
• serum, CSF, or aqueous humor Ag

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5
Q

Most common symptom of fungal infection & other symptoms

A
  • Antibiotic unresponsive fever
  • Draining or granulomatous skin lesions
  • Chorioretinitis, blindness, anterior uveitis
  • Neurologic deficits
  • Icterus, hepatomegaly
  • Lameness
  • Lymphadenomegaly-
  • Diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss
  • Cough, tachypnea, hyperpnea
  • Nasal discharge
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6
Q

Common Clin Path in Fungal Infections

A
  • HIGHLY variable
  • Neutrophilic leukocytosis
  • Hyperglobulinemia polyclonal gammopathy)
  • hypercalcemia
  • increased liver enzyme (if liver is involved)
  • hypoalbuminemia (GI or renal losses)
  • proteinuria.
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7
Q

Diagnostic Techniques for Fungal Infections

A

Thoracic rads
• highly variable

Serology for Ag
• serum
• urine (more sensitive)

Serology for Ab
• can’t distinguish exposure from infection
• used for C. immitis

organism in cytological or histological preparations
• definitive

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8
Q

Treatment of Fungal Infections

A

Treat for 60 days or 1mo post clincal signs
relapse common

Ketaconazole
• heptotoxic

Itraconazole
• less hepatotoxic

Fluconazole
• less hepatotoxic

Amphotericin B
• nephrotoxic

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9
Q

FIP Transmission & Epi

A

Transmission
• fecal-oral
• in utero from asymptomatic queen
• intermittent or continuous shedding

Epi
• Multicat households
• catteries
• single cats (group housing prior)

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10
Q

FIP Pathogenesis

A
  • mutants of FeCoV replicate in macrophages ->
  • macrophages disseminate to lymph nodes, brain, spinal cord, liver, kidney, uvea, pleura and peritoneum ->
  • macrophages deposited in endothelial lining of small venules

Strong Immune Response
• eliminate the virus OR
• latently infected

Partial Response
• granulomas/pyogranulomas -> dry form

No effective cell-mediated response
• pyogranulomatous or granulomatous inflammation in vessel walls ->
• type III hypersensitivity reaction -> complement-mediated vasculitis ->
• protein and fibrin-rich fluid escapes from vessels -> wet form

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11
Q

FIP Clinical Signs

A

• anorexia, fever, weightloss

Effusive (wet)
•	abdominal distention
•	respiratory distress (restrictive)
•	scrotal swelling intact males 
•	vomiting and diarrhea
•	icterus
•	pancreatic issues
Non-Effusive (Dry)
•	renal & hepatic insufficiency
•	pancreatic disease
•	ocular disease
•	neurologic disease 
•	mesenteric lymph node enlargement
•	cough
•	respiratory distress (non-restrictive)
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12
Q

Diagnosis of FIP

A
  • clinical Signs
  • normocytic, normochromic non-regenerative anemia
  • azotemia,
  • hyperbilirubinemia,
  • increased ALT and SAP
  • hyperglobulinemia
  • proteinuria
  • low specific gravity
  • fluid w/ high protein, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, fibrin clots
  • serology but cross-reacts with FeCoV
  • histopathology
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13
Q

Differential Diagnosis, Prognosis, Prevention for FIP

A
  • toxoplasmosis
  • FeLV/ FIV
  • neoplasia (especially lymphosarcoma)
  • systemic fungal infections
  • hepatic disease (cholangiohepatitis, hepatic lipidosis)
  • renal disease
  • IBD

Prognosis
• 95% mortality
• cats w/ dry live longer than cats w/ wet

Prevention
• 1 litter box per every 2 cats
• daily clean litterbox

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14
Q

FIV Transmission & Epi

A

• bite and fight wounds with blood or saliva containing infectious virus

Epi
• male > female
• outdoor > indoor
• adult > adolescent

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15
Q

Diagnosis of FIV

A
  • all cats at risk routinely ANTIBODY tested
  • (+) Ab test considered infected unless kitten <6mo

false (+)
• due to use of whole blood, other infectious agents, previous vx;
• confirm w/ western blot or PCR

False (-)
• acute or terminal stage of infection
• can take up to 8wks for seroconversion

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16
Q

FIV; Prognosis & Treatment

A
  • can live normally w/ proper care

* treat symptomatically

17
Q

FeLV Transmission

A
  • contact w/ infectious saliva and/or nasal secretions of cats with persistent, active FeLV infection
  • easily transmitted in social cat situations
18
Q

FeLV Pathogenesis

A

Always ANTIGEN tested

Abortive
• replication terminated by humoral & cell response
• viremia doesn’t occur
• cat tests (-) on Ag test

Regressive
• (+) on tests detecting “free” Ag
• immune response contains and eliminates virus after wks to mos
• if persists longer -> spreads to bone marrow
• do not shed FeLV after suppression
• can be reactivated

Progressive
•	persistent viremia
•	infect other cats
•	die w/in a few years
•	always Ag (+)

Focal
• rare

19
Q

FIV Clinical Signs

A
  • leukopenia
  • non-regenerative anemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • erythroleukemia, granulocytic leukemia, or monocytic leukemia
  • lymphosarcoma
  • immunosuppressive dz
20
Q

FIV Diagnosis & Prognosis

A

Ag ELISA
• serum, blood, tears, saliva
• early detection

IFA of Ag in cytoplasm of infected cells
• (+) test indicates bone marrow involvement
• false (-) occurs w/ leukopenia

Prognosis
• 80% progressive infection die in 3yrs

21
Q

Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis Acute & Chronic Clinical Signs

A
Acute
•	anorexia
•	fever
•	lymphadomegaly
•	splenomegaly
•	petechia
•	epistaxis
•	neuro signs
Chronic
•	acute signs +
•	pale MMs
•	peripheral edema
•	secondary infections
•	polyarthropathy
•	ocular lesions
22
Q

Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis Diagnosis & Tests

A
  • clinical signs
  • thrombocytopenia
  • neutropenia
  • anemia
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • hyperglobulinemia
  • increased BUN & creatinine
  • proteinuria
  • increased ALT / ALP
  • froom endemic area OR at some point may have been (travels well)

Test
• IFA titer greater than 1:20 or 1:40
• cross reactivity w/ other Ehrlichia

23
Q

Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis Differential Diagnosis

A
DfDx
•	sepsis
•	rocky Mt spotted fever
•	multiple myeloma
•	lymphocytic leukemia
•	immune-mediated thrombocytopenia / anemia
•	immune-mediated polyarthropy
•	lupus erythematous
24
Q

Ehrlichiosis & Anaplasmosis Treatment

A
  • Doxy for 3-4 wks (best)
  • 1-2 wks glucocorticoids
  • symptomatically
25
Q

Toxoplasmosis Epi & Clinical SIgns

A

Epi
• felids are only definitive host & only host w/ intestinal epithelial infection

Clinical Signs
• reflect inflammation of lungs, CNS, eyes, muscle, liver, pancreas

26
Q

Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis

A
  • non-specific clin path signs
  • variable radiographic signs
  • (+) serology shows exposure
  • (+) IgM >1:64 OR 4-fold increase in IgG PLUS clinical signs = active infection
  • tachyzoites present in aspirates/biopsies
27
Q

Toxoplasmosis Treatment

A
  • clindamycin, TMS, or pyrimethamine

* supportive care

28
Q

Icterus; Bare bones diagnosis

A
  • PCV
  • TP
  • blood smear