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4th yr- CMS- Infections > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are half of all deaths due to infection consequence of

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. HIV
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2
Q

Give examples of common infection diseases

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. HIV
  4. Hepatitis B
  5. Hepatitis C
  6. Schistosomiasis
  7. Dengue fever
  8. Measles
  9. Cholera
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3
Q

How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis B

A

350 million

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4
Q

How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis C

A

180 million

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5
Q

How many deaths are caused by Schistosomiasis

A

200 million

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6
Q

How many deaths are caused by Dengue fever

A

50 million

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7
Q

How many deaths are caused by measles

A

30 million

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8
Q

How many deaths are caused by cholera

A

200,000

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9
Q

How can the mortality from infectious diseases be reduced

A
  1. Clean drinking water
  2. Effective sanitation
    3, Adequate levels of housing and nutrition
  3. Safe sex
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10
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by

A

Mycobacterium tubercuclosis

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11
Q

How can TB be controlled

A
  1. Prompt recognising and treatment
  2. Ensuring that patients with the disease complete the treatment
  3. Early diagnosis of early infection
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12
Q

What is it important that patients with TB complete treatment

A
  1. Lapsing on treatment can contribute to growth of drug resistance
  2. Drug resistant TB takes longer and is more difficult to treat
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13
Q

How prevalent is TB

A

1 in 3 of the global population

2 billion people

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14
Q

How many new cases of TB are identified each year

A

8 Million

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15
Q

How many deaths are caused by TB globally

A

1.4 million

350 in England

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16
Q

What is the pathology of TB

A

May affect any part of the body most common site of early infection is thelungs

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17
Q

What does the chronicity and pattern of mycobacteria infections reflect

A

Reflects the bodies inability to destroy and clear mycobacterium

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18
Q

Why is the body unable to clear mycobacterium

A

Phagocytosis is unsuccessful

19
Q

If the body can’t destroy mycobacterium what does it do instead

A

The body attempts to isolate the mycobacterium through the formation of granulomas

20
Q

Tuberculosis is a g_______ disease

A

granulomatous

21
Q

How can we be immunised against TB

A

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine

22
Q

What is int eh BCG vaccine

A

Live attenuated form of mycobacterium Boris

23
Q

Whom is BCG immunisation targeted at

A

Those who are at high risk of developing TB

24
Q

What must we obtain before giving a BCG immunisation

A

Only given after a negative skin test for hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein

25
What is the test we do before BCG immunisation called
Mantoux test
26
Describe the Mantoux test
It involves intradermal injection of small amounts of mycobacteria antigens
27
How is TB spread
By coughs and sneezes when people are in close contact
28
Who is at greater risk of developing TB
immunocompromised patients
29
Describe the clinical features of TB
1. Cough with production sputum 2. Haemoptysis 3. Fever and sweating 4. Weight loss 5. General malaise 6. Chest wall pain 7. Dyspnoea 8. Loss of appetite 9. Localised wheeze 10. Non resolving pneumonia
30
What is Haemoptysis
Coughing up blood
31
What can TB be misdiagnosed for
Asthma
32
How is mycobacteria infection confirmed
1. Culture of infected sputum or tissue samples | 2. PCR of infected sputum or bronchoscopy smear
33
How do we mange TB
1. Need to identify com orbit illnesses | 2. Combination of anti TB drugs
34
Give examples of ant TB drugs
Rifampicin isoniazid pyrazinamide ethambutol
35
What are the protocols for treating patients with TB
1. Delaying non urgent care 2. Patient wears a mask in public areas 3. Dental team should have a positive Heaf TEST 4. Patient taken straight to a single room surgery and the door closed 5. Treatment at the end of the day
36
What can patients taking Rifampicin have
Reddish-orange or reddish brown saliva
37
What makes prion infections unique
The infectious agent does not include any nuclei acid
38
Describe prion proteins in a healthy human
In health humans make prion proteins that are expressed in the brain, lymphoid tissue and others
39
What is the fucntion of prions proteins
Function is poorly understood
40
What can prions infections cause
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
41
What Is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies characterised by
1. A long clinical course | 2. Neurodegeneration
42
In whom is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies common in
1. Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease 2. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease 3. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
43
How can prion protein be transmitted between humans
1. Eating infected cattle 2. Contact with substances fro use with human cattle 3. Contaminated surgical instruments 4. Transfusion of blood and blood products

4th yr- CMS- Infections (4 decks)

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