Infectious diseases Flashcards
What are half of all deaths due to infection consequence of
- Malaria
- Tuberculosis
- HIV
Give examples of common infection diseases
- Malaria
- Tuberculosis
- HIV
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Schistosomiasis
- Dengue fever
- Measles
- Cholera
How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis B
350 million
How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis C
180 million
How many deaths are caused by Schistosomiasis
200 million
How many deaths are caused by Dengue fever
50 million
How many deaths are caused by measles
30 million
How many deaths are caused by cholera
200,000
How can the mortality from infectious diseases be reduced
- Clean drinking water
- Effective sanitation
3, Adequate levels of housing and nutrition - Safe sex
What is tuberculosis caused by
Mycobacterium tubercuclosis
How can TB be controlled
- Prompt recognising and treatment
- Ensuring that patients with the disease complete the treatment
- Early diagnosis of early infection
What is it important that patients with TB complete treatment
- Lapsing on treatment can contribute to growth of drug resistance
- Drug resistant TB takes longer and is more difficult to treat
How prevalent is TB
1 in 3 of the global population
2 billion people
How many new cases of TB are identified each year
8 Million
How many deaths are caused by TB globally
1.4 million
350 in England
What is the pathology of TB
May affect any part of the body most common site of early infection is thelungs
What does the chronicity and pattern of mycobacteria infections reflect
Reflects the bodies inability to destroy and clear mycobacterium
Why is the body unable to clear mycobacterium
Phagocytosis is unsuccessful
If the body can’t destroy mycobacterium what does it do instead
The body attempts to isolate the mycobacterium through the formation of granulomas
Tuberculosis is a g_______ disease
granulomatous
How can we be immunised against TB
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine
What is int eh BCG vaccine
Live attenuated form of mycobacterium Boris
Whom is BCG immunisation targeted at
Those who are at high risk of developing TB
What must we obtain before giving a BCG immunisation
Only given after a negative skin test for hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein
What is the test we do before BCG immunisation called
Mantoux test
Describe the Mantoux test
It involves intradermal injection of small amounts of mycobacteria antigens
How is TB spread
By coughs and sneezes when people are in close contact
Who is at greater risk of developing TB
immunocompromised patients
Describe the clinical features of TB
- Cough with production sputum
- Haemoptysis
- Fever and sweating
- Weight loss
- General malaise
- Chest wall pain
- Dyspnoea
- Loss of appetite
- Localised wheeze
- Non resolving pneumonia
What is Haemoptysis
Coughing up blood
What can TB be misdiagnosed for
Asthma
How is mycobacteria infection confirmed
- Culture of infected sputum or tissue samples
2. PCR of infected sputum or bronchoscopy smear
How do we mange TB
- Need to identify com orbit illnesses
2. Combination of anti TB drugs
Give examples of ant TB drugs
Rifampicin
isoniazid pyrazinamide
ethambutol
What are the protocols for treating patients with TB
- Delaying non urgent care
- Patient wears a mask in public areas
- Dental team should have a positive Heaf TEST
- Patient taken straight to a single room surgery and the door closed
- Treatment at the end of the day
What can patients taking Rifampicin have
Reddish-orange or reddish brown saliva
What makes prion infections unique
The infectious agent does not include any nuclei acid
Describe prion proteins in a healthy human
In health humans make prion proteins that are expressed in the brain, lymphoid tissue and others
What is the fucntion of prions proteins
Function is poorly understood
What can prions infections cause
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
What Is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies characterised by
- A long clinical course
2. Neurodegeneration
In whom is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies common in
- Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
- Familial Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
- Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
How can prion protein be transmitted between humans
- Eating infected cattle
- Contact with substances fro use with human cattle
- Contaminated surgical instruments
- Transfusion of blood and blood products
