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4th yr- CMS- Infections > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What are half of all deaths due to infection consequence of

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. HIV
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2
Q

Give examples of common infection diseases

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Tuberculosis
  3. HIV
  4. Hepatitis B
  5. Hepatitis C
  6. Schistosomiasis
  7. Dengue fever
  8. Measles
  9. Cholera
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3
Q

How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis B

A

350 million

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4
Q

How many deaths are caused by Hepatitis C

A

180 million

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5
Q

How many deaths are caused by Schistosomiasis

A

200 million

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6
Q

How many deaths are caused by Dengue fever

A

50 million

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7
Q

How many deaths are caused by measles

A

30 million

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8
Q

How many deaths are caused by cholera

A

200,000

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9
Q

How can the mortality from infectious diseases be reduced

A
  1. Clean drinking water
  2. Effective sanitation
    3, Adequate levels of housing and nutrition
  3. Safe sex
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10
Q

What is tuberculosis caused by

A

Mycobacterium tubercuclosis

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11
Q

How can TB be controlled

A
  1. Prompt recognising and treatment
  2. Ensuring that patients with the disease complete the treatment
  3. Early diagnosis of early infection
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12
Q

What is it important that patients with TB complete treatment

A
  1. Lapsing on treatment can contribute to growth of drug resistance
  2. Drug resistant TB takes longer and is more difficult to treat
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13
Q

How prevalent is TB

A

1 in 3 of the global population

2 billion people

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14
Q

How many new cases of TB are identified each year

A

8 Million

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15
Q

How many deaths are caused by TB globally

A

1.4 million

350 in England

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16
Q

What is the pathology of TB

A

May affect any part of the body most common site of early infection is thelungs

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17
Q

What does the chronicity and pattern of mycobacteria infections reflect

A

Reflects the bodies inability to destroy and clear mycobacterium

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18
Q

Why is the body unable to clear mycobacterium

A

Phagocytosis is unsuccessful

19
Q

If the body can’t destroy mycobacterium what does it do instead

A

The body attempts to isolate the mycobacterium through the formation of granulomas

20
Q

Tuberculosis is a g_______ disease

A

granulomatous

21
Q

How can we be immunised against TB

A

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) Vaccine

22
Q

What is int eh BCG vaccine

A

Live attenuated form of mycobacterium Boris

23
Q

Whom is BCG immunisation targeted at

A

Those who are at high risk of developing TB

24
Q

What must we obtain before giving a BCG immunisation

A

Only given after a negative skin test for hypersensitivity to tuberculoprotein

25
Q

What is the test we do before BCG immunisation called

A

Mantoux test

26
Q

Describe the Mantoux test

A

It involves intradermal injection of small amounts of mycobacteria antigens

27
Q

How is TB spread

A

By coughs and sneezes when people are in close contact

28
Q

Who is at greater risk of developing TB

A

immunocompromised patients

29
Q

Describe the clinical features of TB

A
  1. Cough with production sputum
  2. Haemoptysis
  3. Fever and sweating
  4. Weight loss
  5. General malaise
  6. Chest wall pain
  7. Dyspnoea
  8. Loss of appetite
  9. Localised wheeze
  10. Non resolving pneumonia
30
Q

What is Haemoptysis

A

Coughing up blood

31
Q

What can TB be misdiagnosed for

A

Asthma

32
Q

How is mycobacteria infection confirmed

A
  1. Culture of infected sputum or tissue samples

2. PCR of infected sputum or bronchoscopy smear

33
Q

How do we mange TB

A
  1. Need to identify com orbit illnesses

2. Combination of anti TB drugs

34
Q

Give examples of ant TB drugs

A

Rifampicin
isoniazid pyrazinamide
ethambutol

35
Q

What are the protocols for treating patients with TB

A
  1. Delaying non urgent care
  2. Patient wears a mask in public areas
  3. Dental team should have a positive Heaf TEST
  4. Patient taken straight to a single room surgery and the door closed
  5. Treatment at the end of the day
36
Q

What can patients taking Rifampicin have

A

Reddish-orange or reddish brown saliva

37
Q

What makes prion infections unique

A

The infectious agent does not include any nuclei acid

38
Q

Describe prion proteins in a healthy human

A

In health humans make prion proteins that are expressed in the brain, lymphoid tissue and others

39
Q

What is the fucntion of prions proteins

A

Function is poorly understood

40
Q

What can prions infections cause

A

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

41
Q

What Is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies characterised by

A
  1. A long clinical course

2. Neurodegeneration

42
Q

In whom is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies common in

A
  1. Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
  2. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
  3. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
43
Q

How can prion protein be transmitted between humans

A
  1. Eating infected cattle
  2. Contact with substances fro use with human cattle
  3. Contaminated surgical instruments
  4. Transfusion of blood and blood products

4th yr- CMS- Infections (4 decks)

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