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BIOLOGY > INFECTIOUS DISEASES > Flashcards

INFECTIOUS DISEASES Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a disease?

A

an illness that leads to poor health

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2
Q

what is an infectious disease?

A

an illness caused by an infection of cells by a pathogen
examples of pathogens are: bacteria, virus, fungi, worms
some can spread through direct contact or can spread indirectly through water, food or facaes
a carrier is a person who has been infected with the pathogen but develops no symptoms and can pass the pathogen onto another person

endemic = disease is always present in region
epidemic = disease spreads quickly through population
pandemic = disease spreads worldwide
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3
Q

what is a non-infectious disease?

A

diseases that aren’t caused by a pathogen like sickle cell anemia and lung cancer

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4
Q

what are the causative organisms of cholera, malaria tuberculosis, AIDS and measles?

A

cholera: Vibrio cholerae
malaria: Plasmodium
tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

AIDS: HIV

measles: Morbillivirus

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5
Q

how are cholera, malaria tuberculosis, AIDS and measles transmitted?

A

cholera:
water or food borne
- drinking or washing with contaminated water
- eating contaminated food that was touched by infected person who didn’t wash their hands

malaria:
by an insect vector which is a female mosquito
by sharing needles with an infected person

tuberculosis: airborne
- when an infected person coughs or sneezes, the bacteria is carried in the air by tiny water droplets that’re inhaled by uninfected people

AIDS:

  • sexual intercourse as HIV is present in semen and vaginal fluid
  • sharing contaminated needles
  • from mother to fetus through placenta
  • from mother to infant through breast feeding
  • tissue and organ transplant

measles: airborne
- when an infected person coughs or sneezes, the virus is carried in the air by tiny water droplets that’re inhaled by uninfected people

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6
Q

what is the global distribution of cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS and measles?

A

cholera: Africa, Asia and Latin America
malaria: tropical areas
tuberculosis: worldwide

AIDS: worldwide

measles: developing countries

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7
Q

what is the site of action of cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS and measles?

A

cholera: small intestine wall
malaria: RBC’s, liver and brain

tuberculosis:
primary infection in lungs
secondary infection in lymph nodes and bones

AIDS: T helper lymphocytes, macrophages and brain cells

measles: nasal cavity and trachea

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS and measles?

A

cholera: diarrhea and dehydration
malaria: anemia, headaches, muscle pain, fever, sweating and shivering
tuberculosis: chest pain, coughing blood, fever, shortness of breath and sweating

AIDS:after infection, the person is HIV positive but has no symptoms (carrier)

after a few years, the person develops AIDS and can suffer from infections like TB and have diarrhea, fever and sweating and can develop cancers

measles: fever, rash, runny nose, cough and white spots may appear on the inside of cheeks

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9
Q

what are the treatments of cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS and measles?

A

cholera: oral rehydration therapy and antibiotics
malaria: antimalarial drugs

tuberculosis: several types of antibiotics for 9-12 months
- several are used to ensure all bacteria is killed as some develop resistance
- it is taken long term to ensure all bacteria is killed as the bacteria enters the lungs and hides from the immune system (antigenic concealment)

AIDS: no treatment
a drug can be given to prolong life by inhibiting the virus to replicate

measles: no specific medicine
- bed rest
- medicine to lower the fever

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10
Q

what is the prevention and control of cholera?

A
  • drinking chlorinated water
  • washing before and after eating
  • health education
  • infected people must be isolated and treated
  • sewage treatment
  • the vaccine is ineffective due to antigenic concealment, as bacteria remain in the small intestine
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11
Q

what happens in a cholera infection?

A

bacteria multiplies in the small intestine and releases a chemical called chloeragen that causes water and salts to leave the blood into the intestine causing severe diarrhea

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12
Q

what happens in a malaria infection?

A

when a mosquito sucks blood from an infected person, the pathogen is taken with the blood. the pathogen multiplies in the mosquito and when it sucks blood from an uninfected person, it injects saliva that contains the pathogen

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13
Q

what is the prevention and control of malaria?

A
  • reducing the number of mosquitoes by killing mosquito larvae in ponds by spreading oil on the water surface or breeding fish that feed on larvae
  • spray houses with insecticides that kill adult mosquitoes
  • avoid being bitten by screening windows and applying repellents
  • travelers should take antimalarial drugs before, during and after their visit
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14
Q

why did WHO fail to eradicate malaria?

A

due to the:

  • resistance of plasmodium against antimalarial drugs
  • resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides used
  • difficulty to control mosquito breeding
  • failure of vaccine due to antigenic variation and antigenic concealment
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15
Q

what is the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB)?

A
  • improving socio-economic conditions
  • improving house conditions
  • infected people must be isolated and treated
  • health education
  • good nutrition to increase immunity
  • vaccination of children
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16
Q

what is the prevention and control of AIDS?

A
  • safe sex by using a condom
  • drug addicts are advised to stop sharing needles
  • HIV positive women are advised to not have babies and not breast feed their children
  • education about the spread of the infection
17
Q

why is the spread of AIDS difficult to control?

A
  • HIV positive people remain symptomless for a long time and can spread the disease unknowingly
  • the virus has antigenic variation which makes it difficult to make a vaccine
  • the virus has no treatment
  • it is difficult to control the virus and it can be spread in many different ways
18
Q

what is the prevention and control of measles?

A
  • children must be given the vaccine at around 8 months of birth
  • improving housing conditions
  • improving nutrition to increase immunity
  • health education
19
Q

what are antibiotics?

A

a drug that kill or stop the growth of a bacteria without harming the infected cells

20
Q

how to antibiotics stop bacteria from growing?

A

by interfering with aspects of growth like:

  • synthesis of cell wall
  • DNA replication
  • protein synthesis
  • enzyme action
21
Q

how does penicillin work?

A

it interferes with the synthesis of a new cell wall

it inhibits enzymes involved in the synthesis of cross links in a cell wall
when water is taken up by the bacteria by osmosis, the weakened wall can’t withstand the pressure and the cell will burst (lysis)

22
Q

why don’t antibiotics affect viruses?

A
  • viruses don’t have a cell wall so penicillin has no effect
  • viruses only replicate when inside a host cell using its eukaryotic mechanisms and aren’t affected by antibiotics
  • viruses don’t have any form of cell structure or metabolism
23
Q

what causes a bacteria to have antibiotic resistance?

A

alleles in bacteria that cause resistance to certain antibiotics that arise for the first time by natural mutation

24
Q

what are ways that a bacteria produces antibiotic resistance by mutation?

A

bacteria can:

  • produce proteins in their membrane that inactivate antibiotics
  • produce proteins in their membrane that pump out antibiotics if they enter the cytoplasm
  • develop a gene that codes for the enzyme penicilinase that breaks down penicillin
25
Q

how does natural selection develop antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

if someone takes a antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection, the bacteria sensitive to the antibiotic will die

however one or two individual bacteria may have a mutation in a gene making them resistant

when antibiotic is taken, unmutant bacteria will die and mutant bacteria will live
when mutant bacteria reproduce, they pass the mutant alleles to their offspring (VERTICAL transmission)
mutant alleles can also be spread from one bacterial species to another as plasmids are exchanged between species (HORIZONTAL transmission)

natural selection increases the number of mutant alleles in the population causing more bacteria to be resistant

bacteria that are resistant to many different antibiotics are difficult to treat when they cause infection

26
Q

how can the chance of the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria be reduced?

A
  • using antibiotics only when needed
  • making sure that patients complete their antibiotic course
  • changing the type of antibiotics prescribed for certain diseases so the same antibiotics aren’t always used for the same disease

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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