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BIOLOGY > CELL AND NUCLEAR DIVISION > Flashcards

CELL AND NUCLEAR DIVISION Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A 
interphase
nuclear division (mitosis)
cell division (cytokinesis)
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2
Q

what are the stages of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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3
Q

what is interphase?

A

when the cell is metabolically active and is growing and copying chromosomes in preparation for cell division

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4
Q

what happens in G1 phase?

A

the cell is growing and producing new organelles

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5
Q

what happens in S phase?

A

replication of DNA

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6
Q

what happens in G2 phase?

A

preparation of the cell for mitosis like checking DNA for errors

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7
Q

what does a centromere do?

A

it hold the two sister chromatids together

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8
Q

what is mitosis and what are it’s stages?

A

nuclear division

four stages:
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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9
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

chromosomes coil, condense and become visible
nucleolus disappears
nuclear envelope disappears
centrosomes form spindle fibers

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10
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up at the equator and attach to the spindle fibers by their centromeres

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11
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

spindle fibers contract and centromeres divide and separate the sister chromatids

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12
Q

what happens in telophase?

A

chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin
nuclear envelope reappears
nucleolus reappears
spindle fibers disappear

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13
Q

what happens in cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

a cleavage furrow is formed and the two cells pinch off

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14
Q

what happens in cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

a cell plate forms between the divided nuclei and the cell plate gradually develops into a cell wall

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15
Q

what are the roles of mitosis?

A

growth
repair of damaged tissues
asexual reproduction; in bacteria eg.

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16
Q

what are stem cells?

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide an unlimited amount of times by mitosis

17
Q

what are totipotent stem cells?

A

can produce any type of cell

18
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells that cannot produce all types of cells

19
Q

what are multipotent stem cells?

A

only able to produce a few types of cells

20
Q

what is stem cell therapy?

A

the introduction of new adult stem cells in damaged tissue to treat disease or injury

21
Q

what is cancer?

A

a disease in result of an uncontrolled mitosis due to a mutation in the genes that control cell division.

cells divide repeatedly out of control which causes a tumour

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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