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infectious disease prevention and control Flashcards

1
Q

early 20th century leading causes of death

A

respiratory diseases (e.g tuberculosis and diarrheal diseases were major killers)

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2
Q

what is a leading causes of death world in children wide and second leading cause of death overall?

A

infectious disease

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3
Q

current infectious disease concerns

A

HIV, pneumonias and influenza, VRSA, MRSA, SARS

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4
Q

latent period

A

time delay between exposure and onset of contagiousness (ability to spread pathogen to others)

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5
Q

incubation period

A

time delay between exposure and onset of disease signs and symptoms

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6
Q

communicable period

A

contagious time, when person to person transmission is possible

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7
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

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8
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

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9
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease beyond normal expected rates in one region or community

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10
Q

pandemic disease

A

worldwide epidemic

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11
Q

stages of infection in populations

A

case, cluster/outbreak, epidemic, pandemic

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12
Q

index case

A

the first case identified in a population

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13
Q

primary case

A

the person that brings the infection into a population

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14
Q

secondary case

A

someone who is infected by a primary case

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15
Q

tertiary case

A

someone who is infected y a secondary case

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16
Q

chain of infection

A

reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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17
Q

reserviors of infection are continual (or potential) sources of infection.

  1. human
  2. animal
  3. nonliving
A

human- AIDS, gonorrhea (carriers may have subclinical infections or latent diseases)
animal- rabies, lyme disease (some zoonotic diseases may be transmitted to humans
nonliving- botulism, tetanus, legionnaires disease (soil or water)

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18
Q

west nile virus in children

A

often asymptomatic

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19
Q

west nile virus in elderly

A

a lot of subclinical cases will have severe sx

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20
Q

host response: infection

A

the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in a host (sometimes subclinical, usually symptomatic)

  • incubating the organism (pre-disease)
  • disease
  • convalescing from exposure to the organism (post-disease)
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21
Q

colonization

A

presence of an organism in a host

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22
Q

host carrier state

A

colonization without apparent disease but can often spread disease (a lot of nurses are carriers for MRSA)

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23
Q

concerns about carriers: numbers

A

carriers may outnumber cases. contribute to high prevalence of disease

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24
Q

concerns about carriers: hard to identify

A

carriers do not have symptoms to determine if they should be tested

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25
concerns about carriers: mobility
carriers are healthy and often mobile, cases are sick and often their mobility is restricted
26
concerns about carriers: chronicity
carriers can have infection later in life, re-introduce infection to those who were previously cleared and contribute to endemic disease
27
vertical transmission
mom to baby
28
horizontal transmission
contact. person to person
29
direct/indirect
sexual contact =direct | clothing, toys, and the like= indirect
30
common vehicle
infected host to susceptible host via food, water, body fluids
31
I love you
I really do
32
vectorborne
arthropods
33
contact transmission- horizontal transmission
bite, kissing, touch
34
contact transmission- indirect
formites (inanimate object that is touched)
35
airborne transmission
NOT the same as droplet, small particles (droplet nuclei or dust) remain suspended in air, sometimes for a long time, may disperse widely, inhaled in alveoli
36
airborne transmission examples
measles, chicken pox, TB, smallpox
37
common vehicle transmission
contaminated food items- food, water, blood, saliva, medical device. vehicle is taken into the body as opposed to formites *almost daily- food eaten at a community level
38
parasitic diseases
need a host to survice
39
intestinal parasitic infections
greater concern in developing countries. pinworm most common helminthic infection in US, usually in schools, institutions or overcrowding
40
parasitic opportunistic infections
most frequent or severe in immunocompromised
41
parasitic diseases control and prevention
early dx, improved hygiene and vector control, education and environmental improvements
42
droplet transmission PPD
surgical mask, gown, gloves
43
droplet transmission
droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, talking, exchanging of spit. droplets can travel 5 feet through air,, they land on mucus membranes of eyes, nose, or mouth or hands (to put to a mucus membrane). droplets NOT suspended in the air
44
droplet transmission examples
influenza, pertussis, meningoccocal meningitis
45
vector borne transmission
transmission through a living object (not people)
46
shigella
vector borne transmission. transmitted by the fleet of flies
47
most common vector borne disease in united states
lyme disease
48
common vectors
mosquitos, rodents (hantavirus and plague), ticks
49
lyme disease
usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas or the northeast, mid-atlantic, and north-central states, particularly wisconsin and minnesota
50
rocky mountain spotted fever
most commonly occurs in the southeast, oklahoma, kansas, and missouri
51
tick-borne diseases
prevention and control
52
virulence
the ability of an agent (pathogen) to produce a reaction that leads to illness
53
host
is the person or living organism (animal, plants) that becomes ill after exposure to the target
54
agent
is a microorganism, chemical or form of energy whose presence or absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health outcomes
55
environment
for communicable disease refers to the factor or factors outside of the host that affects the agent and the opportunity for exposure
56
10 principles of disease prevention
immunization, health education, sanitation, notification, diagnosis, investigation, block transmission, treatment, isolation, quarantine
57
isolation
separation of ill persons from those who are healthy. may be in a separate wing, floor or other designated area (i.e cohorting)
58
quarentine
separation and restriction of movement of currently healthy persons who have been exposed to disease and may become infectious. they are separated from family members, unless they were also exposed
59
primary prevention
to prevent the occurrence of disease | immunization, safe sex practices, education, sanitation, restaurant inspections, block transmission
60
secondary prevention
to prevent the spread of disease | notification, diagnosis, investigation, quarentine
61
tertiary prevention
to reduce complications of disease | treatment, maintenance
62
natural immunity
species-specific resistance to diseases of other species
63
passive immunization
we are given antibodies.. passive immunity doesnt last long, weeks to months vertical-mother to infant artificial- IVIG (intravenous immune globulin)
64
acquired immunity
exposure to disease
65
active immunization
we make antibodies. active immunity is long lasting, and sometimes for life. ex-exposure to vaccine
66
RIG
rabies immune globulin
67
herd immunity
concerned with immunity at the population level. defined as the resistance of a community or population to the invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on high proportions of immunity in people in the community
68
who relies on herd immunity
infants, immunocompromised
69
rule of thumb for herd immunity
80-85% needs to be immune to prevent the majority of diseases

Community Health (6 decks)

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