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Community Health > infectious disease prevention and control > Flashcards

infectious disease prevention and control Flashcards

1
Q

early 20th century leading causes of death

A

respiratory diseases (e.g tuberculosis and diarrheal diseases were major killers)

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2
Q

what is a leading causes of death world in children wide and second leading cause of death overall?

A

infectious disease

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3
Q

current infectious disease concerns

A

HIV, pneumonias and influenza, VRSA, MRSA, SARS

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4
Q

latent period

A

time delay between exposure and onset of contagiousness (ability to spread pathogen to others)

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5
Q

incubation period

A

time delay between exposure and onset of disease signs and symptoms

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6
Q

communicable period

A

contagious time, when person to person transmission is possible

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7
Q

sporadic disease

A

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

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8
Q

endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

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9
Q

epidemic disease

A

disease beyond normal expected rates in one region or community

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10
Q

pandemic disease

A

worldwide epidemic

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11
Q

stages of infection in populations

A

case, cluster/outbreak, epidemic, pandemic

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12
Q

index case

A

the first case identified in a population

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13
Q

primary case

A

the person that brings the infection into a population

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14
Q

secondary case

A

someone who is infected by a primary case

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15
Q

tertiary case

A

someone who is infected y a secondary case

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16
Q

chain of infection

A

reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

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17
Q

reserviors of infection are continual (or potential) sources of infection.

  1. human
  2. animal
  3. nonliving
A

human- AIDS, gonorrhea (carriers may have subclinical infections or latent diseases)
animal- rabies, lyme disease (some zoonotic diseases may be transmitted to humans
nonliving- botulism, tetanus, legionnaires disease (soil or water)

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18
Q

west nile virus in children

A

often asymptomatic

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19
Q

west nile virus in elderly

A

a lot of subclinical cases will have severe sx

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20
Q

host response: infection

A

the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in a host (sometimes subclinical, usually symptomatic)

  • incubating the organism (pre-disease)
  • disease
  • convalescing from exposure to the organism (post-disease)
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21
Q

colonization

A

presence of an organism in a host

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22
Q

host carrier state

A

colonization without apparent disease but can often spread disease (a lot of nurses are carriers for MRSA)

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23
Q

concerns about carriers: numbers

A

carriers may outnumber cases. contribute to high prevalence of disease

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24
Q

concerns about carriers: hard to identify

A

carriers do not have symptoms to determine if they should be tested

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25
Q

concerns about carriers: mobility

A

carriers are healthy and often mobile, cases are sick and often their mobility is restricted

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26
Q

concerns about carriers: chronicity

A

carriers can have infection later in life, re-introduce infection to those who were previously cleared and contribute to endemic disease

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27
Q

vertical transmission

A

mom to baby

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28
Q

horizontal transmission

A

contact. person to person

29
Q

direct/indirect

A

sexual contact =direct

clothing, toys, and the like= indirect

30
Q

common vehicle

A

infected host to susceptible host via food, water, body fluids

31
Q

I love you

A

I really do

32
Q

vectorborne

A

arthropods

33
Q

contact transmission- horizontal transmission

A

bite, kissing, touch

34
Q

contact transmission- indirect

A

formites (inanimate object that is touched)

35
Q

airborne transmission

A

NOT the same as droplet, small particles (droplet nuclei or dust) remain suspended in air, sometimes for a long time, may disperse widely, inhaled in alveoli

36
Q

airborne transmission examples

A

measles, chicken pox, TB, smallpox

37
Q

common vehicle transmission

A

contaminated food items- food, water, blood, saliva, medical device. vehicle is taken into the body as opposed to formites

*almost daily- food eaten at a community level

38
Q

parasitic diseases

A

need a host to survice

39
Q

intestinal parasitic infections

A

greater concern in developing countries. pinworm most common helminthic infection in US, usually in schools, institutions or overcrowding

40
Q

parasitic opportunistic infections

A

most frequent or severe in immunocompromised

41
Q

parasitic diseases control and prevention

A

early dx, improved hygiene and vector control, education and environmental improvements

42
Q

droplet transmission PPD

A

surgical mask, gown, gloves

43
Q

droplet transmission

A

droplets produced during coughing, sneezing, talking, exchanging of spit. droplets can travel 5 feet through air,, they land on mucus membranes of eyes, nose, or mouth or hands (to put to a mucus membrane). droplets NOT suspended in the air

44
Q

droplet transmission examples

A

influenza, pertussis, meningoccocal meningitis

45
Q

vector borne transmission

A

transmission through a living object (not people)

46
Q

shigella

A

vector borne transmission. transmitted by the fleet of flies

47
Q

most common vector borne disease in united states

A

lyme disease

48
Q

common vectors

A

mosquitos, rodents (hantavirus and plague), ticks

49
Q

lyme disease

A

usually occurs in the summer in rural and suburban areas or the northeast, mid-atlantic, and north-central states, particularly wisconsin and minnesota

50
Q

rocky mountain spotted fever

A

most commonly occurs in the southeast, oklahoma, kansas, and missouri

51
Q

tick-borne diseases

A

prevention and control

52
Q

virulence

A

the ability of an agent (pathogen) to produce a reaction that leads to illness

53
Q

host

A

is the person or living organism (animal, plants) that becomes ill after exposure to the target

54
Q

agent

A

is a microorganism, chemical or form of energy whose presence or absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health outcomes

55
Q

environment

A

for communicable disease refers to the factor or factors outside of the host that affects the agent and the opportunity for exposure

56
Q

10 principles of disease prevention

A

immunization, health education, sanitation, notification, diagnosis, investigation, block transmission, treatment, isolation, quarantine

57
Q

isolation

A

separation of ill persons from those who are healthy. may be in a separate wing, floor or other designated area (i.e cohorting)

58
Q

quarentine

A

separation and restriction of movement of currently healthy persons who have been exposed to disease and may become infectious. they are separated from family members, unless they were also exposed

59
Q

primary prevention

A

to prevent the occurrence of disease

immunization, safe sex practices, education, sanitation, restaurant inspections, block transmission

60
Q

secondary prevention

A

to prevent the spread of disease

notification, diagnosis, investigation, quarentine

61
Q

tertiary prevention

A

to reduce complications of disease

treatment, maintenance

62
Q

natural immunity

A

species-specific resistance to diseases of other species

63
Q

passive immunization

A

we are given antibodies.. passive immunity doesnt last long, weeks to months
vertical-mother to infant
artificial- IVIG (intravenous immune globulin)

64
Q

acquired immunity

A

exposure to disease

65
Q

active immunization

A

we make antibodies. active immunity is long lasting, and sometimes for life. ex-exposure to vaccine

66
Q

RIG

A

rabies immune globulin

67
Q

herd immunity

A

concerned with immunity at the population level. defined as the resistance of a community or population to the invasion and spread of an infectious agent, based on high proportions of immunity in people in the community

68
Q

who relies on herd immunity

A

infants, immunocompromised

69
Q

rule of thumb for herd immunity

A

80-85% needs to be immune to prevent the majority of diseases

Community Health (6 decks)

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