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Nursing 105 > Infectious Disease- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Infectious Disease- Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 6 links in the chain of infection.

A
  1. Infectious Agent
  2. Reservoirs
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Means of Transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Susceptible Host
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2
Q

Name the Infectious Agents in the chain of infection.

A

-Bacteria
-Fungi
-Viruses
-Rickettsiae
-Protozoa

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3
Q

How do you break the chain of infection at the Infectious Agent link?

A

Rapid accurate identification of organisms

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4
Q

What are examples of Reservoirs in the chain of infection?

A

-People
-Equipment
-Water

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5
Q

What are examples of ways to break the chain of infection at the Reservoir link?

A

-Employee health
-Environmental Sanitation
-Disinfection/sterilization

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6
Q

What are examples of Portal of Exit in the chain of infection?

A

-Excretions
-Secretions
-Skin
-Droplets

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7
Q

How can you break the chain of infection at the Portal of Exit link?

A

-Hand hygiene
-Control of excretions & secretions
-Trash & waste

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8
Q

What are the Means of Transmission in the chain of infection?

A

-Direct contact
-Ingestion
-Fomites
-Airborne

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9
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the Means of Transmission link?

A

-Hand hygiene
-Sterilization
-Standard precautions
-Airflow control
-Food handling
-Isolation

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10
Q

What are examples of Portal of Entry in the chain of infection?

A

-Mucous membranes
-GI Tract
-GU Tract
-Respiratory tract
-Broken skin

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11
Q

What are ways to break the chain of infection at the Portal of Entry link?

A

-Aseptic technique
-Catheter care
-Wound care

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12
Q

What are examples of Susceptible Hosts in the chain of infection?

A

-Immunosuppression
-Diabetes
-Surgery
-Burns
-Elderly

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13
Q

What are ways to break the chain of infection at the Susceptible Host link?

A

-Treatment of underlying diseases
-Recognition of high-risk patients

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14
Q

What link in the chain of infection would E. coli be?

A

Infectious Agent

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15
Q

What link in the chain of infection would the GI Tract be?

A

Reservoir

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16
Q

What link in the chain of infection would the Anus be?

A

Portal of Exit

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17
Q

What link in the chain of infection would improper wiping (back to front) be?

A

Means of Transmission

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18
Q

What link would the Urethra be in the chain of infection?

A

Portal of Entry

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19
Q

What link would a woman be in the chain of infection?

A

Susceptible Host

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20
Q

Definition: Describes microorganisms present without host interference or interaction.

A

Colonization

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21
Q

What is an example of colonization?

A

S. aureus on the skin without any skin interruption or irritation

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22
Q

Definition: Indicates host interaction with the organism.

Break in skin allows organism to enter host.

A

Infection

(Not septic, localized area)

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23
Q

Definition: The infected host displays a decline in wellness caused by the infection.

A

Infectious disease

(Inside bloodstream)

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24
Q

List some Infection Control & Prevention organizations

A

-WHO
-CDC
-OSHA
-Local agencies (Health Department)
-Hospital & facility infection control specialists

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25
Q

Which type of patients do we use Standard Precautions for?

A

All patients

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26
Q

What type of patients do we use Transmission-based precautions for?

A

Patients with known infectious diseases spread by airborne, droplet, contact routes

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27
Q

List some Standard Precautions

A

-Hand hygiene
-Use of gloves & other barriers
-Proper handling of patient care equipment & linen
-Environmental control
-Prevention of injury from sharp devices & needles
-Patient placement

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28
Q

Name the 4 different categories of Transmission Based Precautions?

A
  1. Airborne Precautions
  2. Droplet Precautions
  3. Contact Precautions
  4. Enhanced Precautions
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29
Q

List some Airborne Precautions

A

-Negative pressure room
-N-95 Respirator

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30
Q

List some illnesses that fall into the category of Airborne Precautions

A

-TB
-Varicella
-Anthrax

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31
Q

What illnesses are Droplet Precautions used for?

A

-Influenza
-Meningococcus
-PNA (Pneumonia)

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32
Q

When do we use Droplet Precautions?

A

Used for organisms transmitted by close contact with respiratory or pharyngeal secretions

33
Q

What additional PPE needs to be utilized for Droplet Precautions?

A

Wear a face mask

(Transmission is limited to close contact)
Door may remain open

34
Q

What are Contact Precautions used for?

A

Used for organisms spread by skin-to-skin contact

Organisms are easily transmitted by contact between the health care worker and the patient

35
Q

What barriers are used to prevent transmission of organisms with Contact Precautions?

A

Gown & Gloves (masks not needed)

36
Q

What are examples of organisms that require Contact Precautions?

A

-Clostridium difficile
-Antibiotic-resistant organisms (VRE, MRSA, MDRO)

37
Q

What must the nurse do when they leave a room with Contact Precautions?

A

Wash hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

38
Q

What should a nurse do when they leave a room with Droplet Precautions?

A

Wash hands with soap and water or use hand sanitizer

39
Q

What PPE is needed for Enhanced Precautions?

A

-Goggles or face shield
-N-95 Mask
-Gown
-Gloves

40
Q

What PPE should a nurse use for any patient when direct skin to skin contact is necessary?

A

Gloves

41
Q

What does HA-MRSA stand for?

A

Healthcare Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

42
Q

Examples of invasive procedures that can cause a HA-MRSA?

A

-PIV
-Incisions
-Surgeries
-Blood draws
-Indwellingcatheters

43
Q

What does CA-MRSA stand for?

A

Community Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

44
Q

What precautions are required for MRSA?

A

Contact Precautions

45
Q

What precautions are required for COVID-19?

A

Enhanced or Airborne

46
Q

What precautions are required for C. Diff?

A

Contact Precautions

47
Q

What disinfectant will kill the spores of C. Diff?

A

Bleach containing disinfectants

48
Q

What medication is the drug of choice for treatment of most MRSA infections?

A

Vancomycin

49
Q

How are VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus) treated?

A

Combinations of vancomycin, gentamicin, and/or linezolid

50
Q

What laboratory test is performed to figure out what medication will work for an infection?

A

Culture & Sensitivity

51
Q

What are the 5 recommendations in preventing CLABSI?
(Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections)

A
  1. Optimal catheter site selection
  2. Hand hygiene- sterile technique for insertion
  3. Maximal barrier precaution (Tegaderm)
  4. Chlorhexidine skin anti-sepsis (daily)
  5. Daily review of line necessity (switch to PIV asap)
52
Q

List some emerging infectious diseases

A

-Zika Virus
-West Nile Virus
-Ebola Virus
-Legionnaires Disease
-COVID

53
Q

How can Zika virus be transmitted?

A

Through the bites of infected mosquitoes

Through sexual transmission

54
Q

How is West Nile virus transmitted?

A

Through the bites of infected mosquitoes

55
Q

How is Ebola transmitted?

A

Through direct contact with body fluid
Through infected wild animals

56
Q

How is Legionnaires disease transmitted?

A

By the aerosolized route

57
Q

How is COVID transmitted?

A

Through close contact by airborne transmission (airborne particles & droplets)

58
Q

What are some examples of vaccinations used in the U.S.?

A

MMR
Varicella
Influenza
HPV
COVID

59
Q

What are the most common infectious diseases in the United States?

A

Syphilis
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Neisseria Gonorrhea
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

60
Q

What are sites of infection for STI’s?

A

Skin & mucosal lining of the urethra
Cervix
Vagina
Rectum
Oropharynx

61
Q

What are routes of transmission of STI’s?

A

Sexual
Percutaneous
Perinatal

62
Q

What are the 5 P’s when performing an assessment of STI’s?

A

Partners- are you active, sex of partner
Prevention of Pregnancy- birth control, future plans
Protection from STI’s- are you using protection, do you get tested
Practices- what kind of sex are you having
Past History of STI’s- diagnosed in the past & treatment used

63
Q

What would a nurse look for when performing a physical examination (during assessment) for STI’s and what parts of the body do you examine?

A

Rashes
Lesions
Drainage
Inguinal Nodes
Genitalia
Rectum
Mouth
Throat

Woman assessed for abdominal & uterine tenderness

64
Q

What are STI interventions?

A

-Education about STD’s & the spread & treatment of infection
-Reducing anxiety (encourage open discussion, provide factual info, involve partners, referral to a social worker)
-Increasing adherence (Pt. education in group or individual setting, referral to appropriate agencies)

65
Q

What are potential complications of STI’s for woman?

A

-PID
-Ectopic pregnancies
-Transmission of infection to fetus if pregnant
-Infertility

66
Q

What are potential complications of STI’s for men?

A

-Epididymitis
-Infertility

67
Q

What are ways to reduce risk of infection to patients in home care?

A

-Assessment, reporting, and treatment of fever
-Care of equipment (disinfection & aseptic technique)
-Catheter care
-Home clean but not sterile, insect control
-Restriction of visitors if necessary

68
Q

For home-based care measures, what does the nurse educate the patient and family of?

A

-Hand hygiene & aseptic technique
-Annual influenza vaccine, pneumonia 65+, COVID
-Recognition of mode of transmission
-Establishment of transmission-based precautions

69
Q

What are ways to reduce the risk to the caregiver?

A

-Standard precautions (hand washing, PPE)
-Proper food storage
-Proper food preparation (proper storage, cook thoroughly)

70
Q

What is the portal of entry of diarrheal diseases?

A

Oral Ingestion

71
Q

What are examples of infectious agents in diarrheal diseases?

A

Bacterial- Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli
Viral- Rotovirus, Calicivirus (Norovirus) LTC facilities & cruise ships
Parasitic- Giardia, Cryptosporidium

72
Q

What history does a nurse need for infectious diarrhea?

A

-Recent Travel
-Use of Antibiotics
-Food Intake
-N/V/D- Dehydration

73
Q

How does a nurse assess for hydration status in infectious diarrhea?

A

-Thirst
-Dry mucous membranes
-Weak pulse
-Loss of skin turgor
-Sunken eyes
-I&O

74
Q

What are interventions for infectious diarrhea?

A

-Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
-Increase knowledge about disease and risk of transmission
-Absence of complications

75
Q

How is dehydration corrected?

A

-Oral rehydration is best
-IV rehydration in severe dehydration

76
Q

What would a patient with mild dehydration exhibit?

A

Dry mucous membranes & increased thirst

77
Q

What would a patient with moderate dehydration exhibit?

A

Sunken Eyes
Poor Skin Turgor
Increased Thirst
Dry Mucous Membranes

78
Q

What would a patient with severe dehydration exhibit?

A

Signs of hypovolemic shock (rapid thready pulse, cyanosis, cold extremities, rapid breathing, lethargy, or coma)

IV replacement until hemodynamic & mental status return to normal then treat with oral solutions (Isotonic*, or sometimes Hypotonic)

Nursing 105 (11 decks)

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