infectious disease - exam 1

Question 1

how are we regularly exposed to microorganisms?

Answer 1

immunizations
vulnerabilities i.e., comorbidities
infectious pathogens mutate
resistant organisms spread quickly without adequate precautions

Question 2

why are older adults more susceptible to infectious diseases?

Answer 2

changes in cell-mediated or T-cell function
immune system slower to respond and requires a stronger stimulus to respond
extrinsic factors can lead to increased susceptibility to infection - lack of cough and gag reflexes make it difficult to control secretions & decreased lung elasticity
impaired thermoregulatory system - little to no fever to fight infection

Question 3

what is infection?

Answer 3

transmission
pathogen establishes parasitic relationship with host

Question 4

what 3 things can a pathogen do?

Answer 4

1. contaminate body surface and be destroyed by first line defenses
2. subclinical infection - no symptoms other than immune response to host
3. apparent infection - host-parasite interaction causes one or more clinical symptoms –> infectious disease

Question 5

what is incubation period?

Answer 5

period between pathogen entering host and appearance of clinical symptoms

– beginning of symptoms indicates end of incubation period

Question 6

what is the period of communicability or infectious period?

Answer 6

time period when an organism can be shed - when one can become infected

Question 7

what are viruses?

Answer 7

needs host cell
not susceptible to antibiotics
antiviral meds only limit virus

Question 8

what is bacteria?

Answer 8

grows independent of host
susceptible to antibiotics

Question 9

what is rickettsiae?

Answer 9

combination of virus and bacteria
- requires host but treated with antibiotics

Question 10

what does a successful transmission depend on?

Answer 10

pathogenic agent - microorganism that produces disease
reservior - environment for pathogen
portal of exit from reservoir

Question 11

how can microorganisms be transmitted?

Answer 11

contact - direct (person to person) and indirect (object to person)
airborne
droplet - fluid
vehicle - through common source (water supply)
vector-borne - animal to person
portal of entry - ingestion, inhalation
susceptible host

Question 12

Most infectious diseases are confined to ______ _______ _______

Answer 12

specific organ systems

Question 13

what is a common host for bacterial infections?

Answer 13

persons with low gut flora or good bacteria

Question 14

what are factors that decrease a persons good bacteria?

Answer 14

antibiotics - most common
compromised immune health
comorbidities
SAD
hospitalized

Question 15

how is E. coli transmitted?

Answer 15

vehicle through ingestion of infected food
hand to mouth contact

Question 16

who are most at risk for e coli?

Answer 16

organ transplant recipients
vented pts
catheters
traumatic injury

Question 17

what are symptoms of e coli?

Answer 17

GI and infection S&S
(indigestion, P! in thoracic/ab region, N&V)
(malaise, fatigue, N&V, enlarged lymph nodes)

Question 18

what is the most common cause of C diff?

Answer 18

persistent diarrhea
suppresses good bacteria

Question 19

who are most at risk for C diff?

Answer 19

medicare aged (> 65) white females

Question 20

what are S&S of C diff?

Answer 20

GI and infection S&S

Question 21

what is one of the most common bacteria normally resting on skin?

Answer 21

staph infections - MRSA

Question 22

what is unique about MRSA?

Answer 22

resistant to antibiotics even though its a bacteria

Question 23

how is MRSA spread?

Answer 23

direct contact or inhalation - greater risk with a skin opening

Question 24

what is the most common cause of cellulitis?

Answer 24

group A Strep

acute skin inflammation usually from an opening

Question 25

how is pneumonia spread?

Answer 25

respiratory droplets

Question 26

who does pneumonia mostly affect?

Answer 26

very young and very old

Question 27

what is the most common cause of meningitis?

Answer 27

pneumonia

Question 28

what are S&S of pneumonia?

Answer 28

respiratory and infection S&S

Question 29

what kind of infection is gangrene?

Answer 29

severe, life threatening that targets muscle

Question 30

what does gangrene do?

Answer 30

causes occlusion and thrombosis of blood vessels
may suppress myocardial activity and lead to hypotension and shock

Question 31

what are gangrene S&S?

Answer 31

sudden and severe P! due to ischemia at wound site
thick, foul discharge with crepitation from gas bubbles
vascular and infection S&S
could lead to amputation

Question 32

what are PT implications for viral infections?

Answer 32

vaccination effective at limiting severity - not necessarily preventing infection

Question 33

what is the most prevalent vector borne infectious disease?

Answer 33

lyme disease

Question 34

a tick requires ____ hours of feeding to inject bacteria into blood stream

Answer 34

36

Question 35

does natural immunity develop from lyme disease?

Answer 35

no - reinfection can occur

Question 36

what are Stage 1 S&S of lyme disease?

Answer 36

flu-like and infection S&S
red, bulls eye rash

Question 37

what are stage 2 S&S of lyme disease?

Answer 37

multiple bulls eyes
neurological symptoms from aseptic meningitis
possible cardiopulmonary involvement

Question 38

what are stage 3 S&S of lyme disease?

Answer 38

months - years
untreated - persistent and significant arthralgia at one or multiple joints

systemic symptoms are rare but could develop late stage neurological disease

Question 39

what is PT implications for lyme disease?

Answer 39

proper exercise prescription for sever arthralgia and arthritis
regular monitoring for cardiopulm and neurological affects

Question 40

_____ bacteria are most commonly followed by _____ bacteria

Answer 40

strep ; staph

Question 41

what are most common infected areas in drug users?

Answer 41

skin - esp at injection sites - groin, neck
CV
respiratory
musculoskeletal

Question 42

S&S of infection in drug users

Answer 42

abscesses common, internally and externally
infection S&S

advanced infection - CV, respiratory and arthritis S&S