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Infectious disease 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of disease?

A

any condition that interferes with how an organism functions

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2
Q

what is the definition of infectious ?

A

if caused by a pathogen and can be transmitted from one host to another

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3
Q

what is a pathogen ?

A

a disease causing particle

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4
Q

what are the types of pathogens?

A

-viral
-bacterial
-fungal
-protist

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5
Q

what are zoonotic diseases ?

A

infectious disease that can be passed from one vertebrate group to another

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6
Q

what are the three phases of an infection ?

A
  1. infection
  2. incubation period
  3. symptoms of disease
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7
Q

what are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

-earliest life form
-unicellular or colonies
-prokaryotes - no membrane
-ribosomes and circular DNA chromosomes
-plasmids
-cell wall-murein
asexual reproduction

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8
Q

how does bacteria cause disease?

A
  1. toxin that disrupts cell functioning or kills cell
  2. damage to the host tissue
  3. may induce and immune response so strong that it damages the host cells
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9
Q

what is the invasion method of tuberculosis ?

A

enters through the mucous membranes

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10
Q

what is the transmission method of tuberculosis ?

A

direct
-droplets and zoonose
indirect
-droplet reservoirs

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11
Q

what is the impact of tuberculosis ?

A

-coughing
-chest pain
-coughing up blood
-fever
-night sweats
-headaches

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12
Q

what is the life-cycle of tuberculosis (MTB)?

A
  1. MTB enters the lungs
  2. MTB ingested by macrophages (WBC)
  3. MTB multiply in WBC
  4. WBC burst releasing MTB to enter more WBC
  5. tubercle form in the lung
  6. tubercle ruptures into the lung and MTB is coughed out
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13
Q

what is the invasion method of crown gall disease ?

A

attracted to open wound by sugars being released, flagellated bacteria enters root through open wound, attaches to cell plasmid DNA is inserted into plant DNA

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14
Q

what is the transmission method of crown gall disease ?

A

indirect
-contact from soil reservoir or fomite

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15
Q

what is the impact of crown gall disease ?

A

-gall (tumors) on the root and stem
-galls prevent the movement of water and nutrients
-stunt growth
-changes gene expression and hormone production

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16
Q

what is the treatment method of tuberculosis?

A

antibiotic
vaccination

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17
Q

what is the management strategies of crown gall disease ?

A

-disinfecting tools
-heat treat infected soil
-remove and burn infected plants

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18
Q

what is the life-cycle of crown gall disease?

A
  1. bacteria enters roots from soil via wounds
  2. bacteria transfer some DNA to plants cell
  3. Bacteria reproduce in roots forming galls
  4. gall detached and release flagellated bacteria into the soil
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19
Q

what are antibiotics used for?

A

treating bacterial infections

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20
Q

what is bactericidal ?

A

kills cells

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21
Q

what is bacteriostatic?

A

inhibits the growth of the bacteria

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22
Q

how do antibiotics work?

A
  1. rupturing cell membrane
  2. stop synthesis of new cell wall during cell division
  3. inhibit enzymes essential for transcription and translation
  4. inhibit enzymes essential for metabolism
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of fungi?

A

Eukaryotes
membrane bound organelles
cell wall of chitin
reproduce via spores
unicellular or multicellular

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24
Q

what do fungi effect?

A

mostly external
irritation of the skin

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25
what is the invasion method of chytridiomyeosis?
enters skin cells
26
what is the transmission method of chytridiomyeosis?
indirect - water Bourne direct -contact with infected individuals
27
what is the impact on the host of chytridiomyeosis?
-thickening of the skin affects gas exchange -excessive skin shedding -sitting out in the open -lethargy -legs spread out -death
28
what is the life-cycle of chytridiomyeosis?
1. single celled flagellated zoospores enters the skin cells 2. thallus (body of the fungus) forms 3. new zoospores are produced in the thallus as it matures asexually 4. zoospores released into water where they swim to find a new host
29
what are the characteristics of viruses ?
-protein coats surrounding either DNA or RNA - vaccination is the most effective prevention
30
how do viruses work ?
1. virus injects nucleic acid into host cell 2. cell creates more virus particles 3. cell splits open releasing viruses which infect more cell
31
what is the invasion method of a virus ?
through a physical breach direct inoculated direct infection (mucous membrane )
32
what is the life-cycle of a virus?
1. viral entry 2. viral replication 3. viral shedding
33
what is viral entry ?
- attaches to host cell membrane - a hole forms in the membrane - the virus particle or its genetic content are released into the host cell
34
what is viral replication ?
- virus takes control of the host cells replication mechanism - begins to make copies of itself - new viruses are assembled
35
what is viral shedding ?
cell ruptures virus progeny are released to find new host cell
36
what is viral latency ?
virus may remain dormant until conditions are favourable
37
what is the invasion method of influenza ?
through the mucous membranes
38
what is the transmission method of influenza ?
indirect -air Bourne -droplets
39
what is the impact of influenza on the host ?
fever dry cough sore throat runny nose Headaches
40
what is the invasion method of ross river ?
indirect -vector -mosquito
41
what is the host of ross river ?
human possum bandicoots
42
what is the impacts of ross river on the host ?
joint pain swelling of the joint muscle arches skin rash fever
43
how many known diseases are in honey bees?
24
44
what is sacbrood?
- infects larvae which die and swell - worker bee removes the larvae which burst releasing the virus infecting others - can kill the entire colony
45
what is the effect of dying bees?
affects pollination of crops resulting in less fresh food produced
46
what is antigenic drift?
small changes that occur continually over time
47
what is antigenic shift?
when two or more viral strains combine to form a new strain
48
what is the characteristics of protista?
- eukaryotes - membrane bound nucleus - membrane bound organelles - mostly unicellular - mostly microscopic
49
what is malaria caused by ?
plasmodium
50
what is the invasion method of malaria?
enters through bloodstream via a vector
51
what is the transmission method of malaria?
indirect -injected into blood with saliva from a female mosquito
52
what is the impact of malaria on the host?
headache fever shaking chills
53
what is the life-cycle of Maleria in humans?
1. sporozoite injected into blood steam during mosquito bite 2. sporozoites asexually reproduce in the liver to form merozoites 3. merozoites enter red blood cells asexually reproducing to form gametocytes
54
what is the life-cycle of Maleria in mosquito?
4. gametocytes transferred to female mosquito during bite 5. gametocytes fuse to form zygotes- sexually 6. zygotes burrow through mosquito gut wall to form a cyst which produces sporozoites 7. sporozoites moves to salivary gland
55
what is the invasion method of jarrah dieback?
indirect -zoo flagellates enter the root
56
what is the transmission method of jarrah dieback?
indirect pathogen carried to new areas and host via waterborne, movement of animals, humans and root to root
57
what is the impact of jarrah dieback on the host ?
- root rot - hyphae growth through roots absorbing nutrients and destroying water movement - yellowing dying leaves
58
what is the life-cycle of jarrah dieback?
1. P cinnamomi penetrates the root 2. sporangia and chlamydospores form 3. sporangia release zoospores into soil where they swim to new host or 3. if conditions are adverse chlamydospore lay dormant in the soil until conditions are favourable
59
what are the effects on the ecosystem of jarrah dieback ?
- kills trees- reduces biodiversity - destroys nesting sites for birds - succesion- to resistant grasses - soil erosion - changes to microclimate
60
what is the definition of endemic?
prevalent at constant rate within a population
61
what is the definition of sporadic?
disease that occur irregularly within a population
62
what is the definition of epidemic?
an increase in cases of a disease over what is considerably normal
63
what is the definition of pandemic?
an epidemic that spreads across multiple continents
64
what are the factors affecting the spread of disease?
1. growth of the pathogen population 2. density of host population 3. mode of transmission
65
what is the growth of a pathogen population ?
- increased size of pathogen population - increased risk of transmission - favourable environmental conditions can shorten reproductive cycle increasing population - infectivity - the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted between host and multiply - the more easily the pathogen can be passed on the more likely to survive -virulence- ability of the pathogen to cause serve disease in the host - ability to live outside host - spores fomites - being asymptomatic while contagious
66
what is population mobility?
- human diseases have been affected by changes in the modes of transport - regional movement to global movement -natural migration patterns -man made trade in livestock
67
what is the density of the host population?
- the more densely populated a community is the more likely organisms are to come into contact with an infected organism - solitary organisms versus grouping organisms a - zoonoses are more likely as reduced habitat leads to greater interaction between humans and wild animals
68
what are the modes of transports ?
indirect- vector, airborne, soil/waterborne direct- direct, contact, close contact, reservoirs - multiple modes of transmission increases likelyhood of transmission
69
what are examples of mosquito borne disease?
ross river maleria
70
what is the mosquito life-cycle?
- 50-200 eggs per lay - hatch 2-21 days depending on temperature - eggs laid on stagnent water every 3-6 days - larval stage 7-10 days - pupae approx. 4 days - adult 4 weeks - feed on nectar - females need protein from blood to make eggs
71
how is climate change going to effect mosquitos?
- mosquitos live in tropicla climates mean temperature not below 18 60mm or more rainfall each month little variation in day length - climate change is expanding the regions with this type of climate to further the tropics and into high altitude - increased rainfall and temperature
72
what are some medical management strategies for mosquito ?
- anti - malarial drugs - prevention drugs - no vaccine - isolation of infected
73
what are some physical prevention measures of mosquito ?
- covering windows and doors with mesh - insect repelent - long sleeved cloths
74
what disrupts the life-cycle of a mosquito ?
- Estimating places where mosquito lay eggs - reclaiming land by filling an draining - removing discarded contains that might collect water - covering water tanks with lids or mosquito nets - repairing leaks, preventing seepage of water and improving drainage - introducing special fish that eat mosquito larvae - putting insecticides in water tanks to kill mosquitos larvaes - spraying insecticides onto wetlands
75
what is biosecurity ?
policy and regulatory framework designed to safeguard against biological threats to environments organisms and human
76
what are biosecurity measures?
aim to restrict entry of disease causing agents, genetically modified species or invasive genotype
77
what is Quarantine?
the prevention of infected individuals with uninfected individuals to stop the spread of a disease
78
what is the purpose of quarantine ?
prevents the introduction of exotic pest diseases and weeds protects agriculture forrest areas often do this to stop the spread
79
why is herd immunity beneficial?
-limits the spread of diseases due to too few be susceptible -infected host mainly come into contact with immune host -protect vulnerable that cannot get vaccinated
80
what is herd immunity ?
a large proportion of the host population become immune by either contracting the disease and recovering from the disease or being vaccinated
81
what are the steps of immunisation?
1. introduces a harmless part of the pathogen (weaken, part, dead) 2. induces an immune response in the body (produces lymphocytes) 3. lymphocytes destroy the invading pathogen 4. some lymphocytes remain in the body to speed up the response if infected with then same pathogen
82
what are ways to disrupt the pathogens life-cycle?
-killing the vector with insecticides at different stages of life (egg, juvenile, adult) -Pheromone traps attract males -removing habitat -removing places to lay eggs -medication
83
what do antivirals prevent ?
- binding with cell membrane - cell entry -uncoating the virus -nucleic acid synthesis (transcription/translation) - reassembly - exiting from the cell or kill virus
84
what are some physical preventative measures?
-hand washing -wear long clothing to prevent bites -air filteration system -face mask overalls and glasses -disinfecting surfaces -vaccination -spraying insecticides on planes
85
how to manage an outbreak?
- trace origins of the infection -track movement of infected organisms - track organisms that have come into contact with an infected organism -contact tracing
86
what are some strategies to control disease?
-choose best strategies to disrupt the life-cycle of a pathogen Quarantine restricting movements medication destroying infections - monitor population for signs of the disease - good hygiene - education programmes to raise awareness
87
how does bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
1. affected people treated with antibiotics 2. kills off antibiotic sensitive strains of the bacterium 3. some bacteria acquired resistance to the antibiotic by mutation 4. resistant bacteria unaffected by antibiotics 5. next generation are all resistant to antibiotic
88
what is antibiotic resistance?
where an organisms DNA allows it to tolerate a certain level of antibiotic
89
what is immunity ?
when an organism immune system is stimulated by the presence of a foreign pathogen
90
what is conjugtion ?
the plasmid containing the trait is passed from one bacteria ti another through a structure called pili
91
what are the reasons for wide spread use of antibiotic?
-increasing availability of antibiotics since the 1950s -uncontrolled sales of them in many countries without prescription -incorrect diagnosis or unnecessary prescriptions -improper use by patients not finishing course - the use of antibiotics as food additives in livestock for growth promotion - resistance occurs through evolution in all pathogen types - improper use of medication can lead to resistance in any pathogen type

biology (8 decks)

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