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Infectious disease 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of disease?

A

any condition that interferes with how an organism functions

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2
Q

what is the definition of infectious ?

A

if caused by a pathogen and can be transmitted from one host to another

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3
Q

what is a pathogen ?

A

a disease causing particle

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4
Q

what are the types of pathogens?

A

-viral
-bacterial
-fungal
-protist

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5
Q

what are zoonotic diseases ?

A

infectious disease that can be passed from one vertebrate group to another

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6
Q

what are the three phases of an infection ?

A
  1. infection
  2. incubation period
  3. symptoms of disease
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7
Q

what are the characteristics of bacteria?

A

-earliest life form
-unicellular or colonies
-prokaryotes - no membrane
-ribosomes and circular DNA chromosomes
-plasmids
-cell wall-murein
asexual reproduction

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8
Q

how does bacteria cause disease?

A
  1. toxin that disrupts cell functioning or kills cell
  2. damage to the host tissue
  3. may induce and immune response so strong that it damages the host cells
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9
Q

what is the invasion method of tuberculosis ?

A

enters through the mucous membranes

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10
Q

what is the transmission method of tuberculosis ?

A

direct
-droplets and zoonose
indirect
-droplet reservoirs

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11
Q

what is the impact of tuberculosis ?

A

-coughing
-chest pain
-coughing up blood
-fever
-night sweats
-headaches

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12
Q

what is the life-cycle of tuberculosis (MTB)?

A
  1. MTB enters the lungs
  2. MTB ingested by macrophages (WBC)
  3. MTB multiply in WBC
  4. WBC burst releasing MTB to enter more WBC
  5. tubercle form in the lung
  6. tubercle ruptures into the lung and MTB is coughed out
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13
Q

what is the invasion method of crown gall disease ?

A

attracted to open wound by sugars being released, flagellated bacteria enters root through open wound, attaches to cell plasmid DNA is inserted into plant DNA

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14
Q

what is the transmission method of crown gall disease ?

A

indirect
-contact from soil reservoir or fomite

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15
Q

what is the impact of crown gall disease ?

A

-gall (tumors) on the root and stem
-galls prevent the movement of water and nutrients
-stunt growth
-changes gene expression and hormone production

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16
Q

what is the treatment method of tuberculosis?

A

antibiotic
vaccination

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17
Q

what is the management strategies of crown gall disease ?

A

-disinfecting tools
-heat treat infected soil
-remove and burn infected plants

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18
Q

what is the life-cycle of crown gall disease?

A
  1. bacteria enters roots from soil via wounds
  2. bacteria transfer some DNA to plants cell
  3. Bacteria reproduce in roots forming galls
  4. gall detached and release flagellated bacteria into the soil
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19
Q

what are antibiotics used for?

A

treating bacterial infections

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20
Q

what is bactericidal ?

A

kills cells

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21
Q

what is bacteriostatic?

A

inhibits the growth of the bacteria

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22
Q

how do antibiotics work?

A
  1. rupturing cell membrane
  2. stop synthesis of new cell wall during cell division
  3. inhibit enzymes essential for transcription and translation
  4. inhibit enzymes essential for metabolism
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23
Q

what are the characteristics of fungi?

A

Eukaryotes
membrane bound organelles
cell wall of chitin
reproduce via spores
unicellular or multicellular

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24
Q

what do fungi effect?

A

mostly external
irritation of the skin

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25
Q

what is the invasion method of chytridiomyeosis?

A

enters skin cells

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26
Q

what is the transmission method of chytridiomyeosis?

A

indirect
- water Bourne
direct
-contact with infected individuals

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27
Q

what is the impact on the host of chytridiomyeosis?

A

-thickening of the skin affects gas exchange
-excessive skin shedding
-sitting out in the open
-lethargy
-legs spread out
-death

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28
Q

what is the life-cycle of chytridiomyeosis?

A
  1. single celled flagellated zoospores enters the skin cells
  2. thallus (body of the fungus) forms
  3. new zoospores are produced in the thallus as it matures asexually
  4. zoospores released into water where they swim to find a new host
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29
Q

what are the characteristics of viruses ?

A

-protein coats surrounding either DNA or RNA
- vaccination is the most effective prevention

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30
Q

how do viruses work ?

A
  1. virus injects nucleic acid into host cell
  2. cell creates more virus particles
  3. cell splits open releasing viruses which infect more cell
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31
Q

what is the invasion method of a virus ?

A

through a physical breach
direct inoculated
direct infection (mucous membrane )

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32
Q

what is the life-cycle of a virus?

A
  1. viral entry
  2. viral replication
  3. viral shedding
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33
Q

what is viral entry ?

A
  • attaches to host cell membrane
  • a hole forms in the membrane
  • the virus particle or its genetic content are released into the host cell
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34
Q

what is viral replication ?

A
  • virus takes control of the host cells replication mechanism
  • begins to make copies of itself
  • new viruses are assembled
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35
Q

what is viral shedding ?

A

cell ruptures virus progeny are released to find new host cell

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36
Q

what is viral latency ?

A

virus may remain dormant until conditions are favourable

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37
Q

what is the invasion method of influenza ?

A

through the mucous membranes

38
Q

what is the transmission method of influenza ?

A

indirect
-air Bourne
-droplets

39
Q

what is the impact of influenza on the host ?

A

fever
dry cough
sore throat
runny nose
Headaches

40
Q

what is the invasion method of ross river ?

A

indirect
-vector
-mosquito

41
Q

what is the host of ross river ?

A

human
possum
bandicoots

42
Q

what is the impacts of ross river on the host ?

A

joint pain
swelling of the joint
muscle arches
skin rash
fever

43
Q

how many known diseases are in honey bees?

A

24

44
Q

what is sacbrood?

A
  • infects larvae which die and swell
  • worker bee removes the larvae which burst releasing the virus infecting others
  • can kill the entire colony
45
Q

what is the effect of dying bees?

A

affects pollination of crops
resulting in less fresh food produced

46
Q

what is antigenic drift?

A

small changes that occur continually over time

47
Q

what is antigenic shift?

A

when two or more viral strains combine to form a new strain

48
Q

what is the characteristics of protista?

A
  • eukaryotes
  • membrane bound nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • mostly unicellular
  • mostly microscopic
49
Q

what is malaria caused by ?

A

plasmodium

50
Q

what is the invasion method of malaria?

A

enters through bloodstream via a vector

51
Q

what is the transmission method of malaria?

A

indirect
-injected into blood with saliva from a female mosquito

52
Q

what is the impact of malaria on the host?

A

headache
fever
shaking
chills

53
Q

what is the life-cycle of Maleria in humans?

A
  1. sporozoite injected into blood steam during mosquito bite
  2. sporozoites asexually reproduce in the liver to form merozoites
  3. merozoites enter red blood cells asexually reproducing to form gametocytes
54
Q

what is the life-cycle of Maleria in mosquito?

A
  1. gametocytes transferred to female mosquito during bite
  2. gametocytes fuse to form zygotes- sexually
  3. zygotes burrow through mosquito gut wall to form a cyst which produces sporozoites
  4. sporozoites moves to salivary gland
55
Q

what is the invasion method of jarrah dieback?

A

indirect
-zoo flagellates enter the root

56
Q

what is the transmission method of jarrah dieback?

A

indirect
pathogen carried to new areas and host via waterborne, movement of animals, humans and root to root

57
Q

what is the impact of jarrah dieback on the host ?

A
  • root rot
  • hyphae growth through roots absorbing nutrients and destroying water movement
  • yellowing dying leaves
58
Q

what is the life-cycle of jarrah dieback?

A
  1. P cinnamomi penetrates the root
  2. sporangia and chlamydospores form
  3. sporangia release zoospores into soil where they swim to new host
    or
  4. if conditions are adverse chlamydospore lay dormant in the soil until conditions are favourable
59
Q

what are the effects on the ecosystem of jarrah dieback ?

A
  • kills trees- reduces biodiversity
  • destroys nesting sites for birds
  • succesion- to resistant grasses
  • soil erosion
  • changes to microclimate
60
Q

what is the definition of endemic?

A

prevalent at constant rate within a population

61
Q

what is the definition of sporadic?

A

disease that occur irregularly within a population

62
Q

what is the definition of epidemic?

A

an increase in cases of a disease over what is considerably normal

63
Q

what is the definition of pandemic?

A

an epidemic that spreads across multiple continents

64
Q

what are the factors affecting the spread of disease?

A
  1. growth of the pathogen population
  2. density of host population
  3. mode of transmission
65
Q

what is the growth of a pathogen population ?

A
  • increased size of pathogen population
  • increased risk of transmission
  • favourable environmental conditions can shorten reproductive cycle increasing population
  • infectivity - the ability of a pathogen to be transmitted between host and multiply
  • the more easily the pathogen can be passed on the more likely to survive
    -virulence- ability of the pathogen to cause serve disease in the host
  • ability to live outside host - spores fomites
  • being asymptomatic while contagious
66
Q

what is population mobility?

A
  • human diseases have been affected by changes in the modes of transport
  • regional movement to global movement
    -natural migration patterns
    -man made
    trade in livestock
67
Q

what is the density of the host population?

A
  • the more densely populated a community is the more likely organisms are to come into contact with an infected organism
  • solitary organisms versus grouping organisms a
  • zoonoses are more likely as reduced habitat leads to greater interaction between humans and wild animals
68
Q

what are the modes of transports ?

A

indirect- vector, airborne, soil/waterborne
direct- direct, contact, close contact, reservoirs
- multiple modes of transmission increases likelyhood of transmission

69
Q

what are examples of mosquito borne disease?

A

ross river
maleria

70
Q

what is the mosquito life-cycle?

A
  • 50-200 eggs per lay
  • hatch 2-21 days depending on temperature
  • eggs laid on stagnent water every 3-6 days
  • larval stage 7-10 days
  • pupae approx. 4 days
  • adult 4 weeks
  • feed on nectar
  • females need protein from blood to make eggs
71
Q

how is climate change going to effect mosquitos?

A
  • mosquitos live in tropicla climates
    mean temperature not below 18
    60mm or more rainfall each month
    little variation in day length
  • climate change is expanding the regions with this type of climate to further the tropics and into high altitude
  • increased rainfall and temperature
72
Q

what are some medical management strategies for mosquito ?

A
  • anti - malarial drugs
  • prevention drugs
  • no vaccine
  • isolation of infected
73
Q

what are some physical prevention measures of mosquito ?

A
  • covering windows and doors with mesh
  • insect repelent
  • long sleeved cloths
74
Q

what disrupts the life-cycle of a mosquito ?

A
  • Estimating places where mosquito lay eggs
  • reclaiming land by filling an draining
  • removing discarded contains that might collect water
  • covering water tanks with lids or mosquito nets
  • repairing leaks, preventing seepage of water and improving drainage
  • introducing special fish that eat mosquito larvae
  • putting insecticides in water tanks to kill mosquitos larvaes
  • spraying insecticides onto wetlands
75
Q

what is biosecurity ?

A

policy and regulatory framework designed to safeguard against biological threats to environments organisms and human

76
Q

what are biosecurity measures?

A

aim to restrict entry of disease causing agents, genetically modified species or invasive genotype

77
Q

what is Quarantine?

A

the prevention of infected individuals with uninfected individuals to stop the spread of a disease

78
Q

what is the purpose of quarantine ?

A

prevents the introduction of exotic pest diseases and weeds
protects agriculture
forrest areas often do this to stop the spread

79
Q

why is herd immunity beneficial?

A

-limits the spread of diseases due to too few be susceptible
-infected host mainly come into contact with immune host
-protect vulnerable that cannot get vaccinated

80
Q

what is herd immunity ?

A

a large proportion of the host population become immune by either contracting the disease and recovering from the disease or being vaccinated

81
Q

what are the steps of immunisation?

A
  1. introduces a harmless part of the pathogen (weaken, part, dead)
  2. induces an immune response in the body (produces lymphocytes)
  3. lymphocytes destroy the invading pathogen
  4. some lymphocytes remain in the body to speed up the response if infected with then same pathogen
82
Q

what are ways to disrupt the pathogens life-cycle?

A

-killing the vector with insecticides at different stages of life (egg, juvenile, adult)
-Pheromone traps attract males
-removing habitat
-removing places to lay eggs
-medication

83
Q

what do antivirals prevent ?

A
  • binding with cell membrane
  • cell entry
    -uncoating the virus
    -nucleic acid synthesis (transcription/translation)
  • reassembly
  • exiting from the cell
    or kill virus
84
Q

what are some physical preventative measures?

A

-hand washing
-wear long clothing to prevent bites
-air filteration system
-face mask overalls and glasses
-disinfecting surfaces
-vaccination
-spraying insecticides on planes

85
Q

how to manage an outbreak?

A
  • trace origins of the infection
    -track movement of infected organisms
  • track organisms that have come into contact with an infected organism
    -contact tracing
86
Q

what are some strategies to control disease?

A

-choose best strategies to disrupt the life-cycle of a pathogen
Quarantine
restricting movements
medication
destroying infections
- monitor population for signs of the disease
- good hygiene
- education programmes to raise awareness

87
Q

how does bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

A
  1. affected people treated with antibiotics
  2. kills off antibiotic sensitive strains of the bacterium
  3. some bacteria acquired resistance to the antibiotic by mutation
  4. resistant bacteria unaffected by antibiotics
  5. next generation are all resistant to antibiotic
88
Q

what is antibiotic resistance?

A

where an organisms DNA allows it to tolerate a certain level of antibiotic

89
Q

what is immunity ?

A

when an organism immune system is stimulated by the presence of a foreign pathogen

90
Q

what is conjugtion ?

A

the plasmid containing the trait is passed from one bacteria ti another through a structure called pili

91
Q

what are the reasons for wide spread use of antibiotic?

A

-increasing availability of antibiotics since the 1950s
-uncontrolled sales of them in many countries without prescription
-incorrect diagnosis or unnecessary prescriptions
-improper use by patients not finishing course
- the use of antibiotics as food additives in livestock for growth promotion
- resistance occurs through evolution in all pathogen types
- improper use of medication can lead to resistance in any pathogen type

biology (8 decks)

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