Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define carrier.

A

(1) Person or animal that harbors the infectious agent/disease and can transmit it to others but does not demonstrate signs of the disease.
(a) [COVID-19 living dormant in your body]

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2
Q

Define contact.

A

(1) Exposure to a source of an infection; a person who has been exposed. Contact does not imply infection; it implies possibility of infection.
(a) [Sexual contact]

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3
Q

Define contagious.

A

(1) Capable of being transmitted from person to person by contact or proximity. Does not need or utilize a vector.
(a) [Tuberculosis]

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4
Q

Define host.

A

(1) An organism that harbors a parasitic, mutualistic, or commensalism guest. The host is the house & the parasite is the freeloader.
(a) [Human]

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5
Q

Define parasite.

A

(1) An organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host. Three main classes of human parasites are protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
(a) [Malaria is a protozoa parasite]

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6
Q

Define pathogen.

A

(1) An infectious agent or organism that can produce disease.

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7
Q

Define infection.

A

(1) Invasion of the body tissues of a host by an infectious agent, regardless if it causes disease or not.
(a) [Ebola or Influenza]

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8
Q

Define portal of entry.

A

(1) A pathway into the host that gives an agent access to tissue that will allow it to multiply or act.
(a) [Respiratory tract, open wound, etc.]

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9
Q

Define reservoir.

A

(1) A population of organisms or the specific environment in which an infectious pathogen naturally lives and reproduces; usually a living host of a certain species.
(2) [Reservoir is a living creature – ex: Anthrax reservoir are herbivores]

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10
Q

Define zoonosis.

A

(1) A pathogen that is transmissible from non-human animals (typically vertebrates) to humans.
(a) [Swine Flu, bird flu, turtle flu]

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11
Q

Define epidemic.

A

(1) An increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population and area.
(a) [Opioid Epidemic in the U.S.]

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12
Q

Define outbreak.

A

(1) Carries the same definition of epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
(a) [Mississippi]

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13
Q

Define endemic.

A

(1) The constant presence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population.
(a) [Malaria in sub-Saharan Africa]

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14
Q

Define pandemic.

A

(1) An epidemic occurring over a widespread area (multiple countries or continents) and usually affecting a substantial proportion of the population.

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15
Q

What is Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus)?

A

(1) Any of a group of viruses that are transmitted between hosts by
mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods.
(a) [Malaria, Dengue WNV, Lyme, RMSF]

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16
Q

What is active immunity?

A

(1) Resistance developed in response to an antigen (pathogen or vaccine) characterized by the presence of antibody produced by the host.
(a) [JEV]

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17
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

(1) When a majority of a given group is resistant/immune to a pathogen, they achieve “herd immunity”. This confers protection to unvaccinated or susceptible individuals/group by reducing the likelihood of infection or spread.
(a) [Measles]

18
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

(1) Transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies produced by another host or synthesized. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection & insufficient time for the body
to develop its own immune response. Short Term!
(a) [Rabies IG, Tetanus IG, Crofab (Rattlesnake antivenin)]

19
Q

What is morbidity?

A

(1) Describes any illness, impairment, degradation of health, chronic, or age-related disease.
(2) High Morbidity = Lower lifespan & high mortality when infected with any pathogen.

20
Q

What is incubation period?

A

(1) Time interval from a person being infected to the onset of symptoms of an infectious disease.
(2) [Influenza = 1- 4 days]

21
Q

What is latency period?

A

(1) Time interval from a person being infected to the time of
infectiousness of an infectious disease.
(2) [TB is where latency period is important]

21
Q

What is latency period?

A

(1) Time interval from a person being infected to the time of
infectiousness of an infectious disease.
(2) [TB is where latency period is important]

22
Q

What is subclinical infection?

A

(1) An infection that is nearly or completely asymptomatic. A
subclinically infected person is an asymptomatic carrier of the
infection.
(a) [HIV/AIDS]

23
Q

What is syndrome?

A

(1) A combination of symptoms, characteristic of a disease, or health condition; sometimes refers to a health condition without a clear cause. Greek for “concurrence.”
(a) [Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]

24
Q

What is mortality rate?

A

(1) Measure of death in a defined population during a specified time
interval, from a defined cause.
(a) The mortality rate of Ebola (defined cause) in Democratic
Republic of Congo (defined population) in 2014 (specified
time interval) was 71%.

25
Q

What is direct contact (infection)?

A

(1) Transmission occurs between an infected person and a susceptible person via direct physical contact with blood or body fluids.
(a) Person to Person
(b) Examples: touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with oral
secretions, or contact with body lesions, etc.

26
Q

What is indirect contact (infection)?

A

(1) Transmission occurs when there is no direct human-to-human contact.
(2) Contact occurs from:
(a) Vehicle Borne: Person to contaminated surface/object to
person
(b) Vector Borne: Person to vector (mosquitoes,
flies/mites/fleas/tick/rodent/dogs) to person

27
Q

What is prodrome?

A

(1) A prodrome (or prodromal symptoms), often indicate the “onset of a disease” before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop.

28
Q

Define parasite.

A

An organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its
food from or at the expense of its host.

29
Q

What are the subtypes for parasites?

A

Three main classes of human parasites are protozoa,
helminths, and ectoparasites.

30
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An infectious agent or organism that can produce disease.

31
Q

What is an infection?

A

Invasion of the body tissues of a host by an infectious agent, regardless if it causes disease or not.
(a) [Ebola or Influenza]

32
Q

How are parasites transmitted?

A

Transmitted through consumption of contaminated food or
water, bite of an infected arthropod, certain practices, fecaloral-route, person-to-person, and between animals and people.

33
Q

What is a one-celled organisms that are free-living or harbors on a host?

33
Q

What is a one-celled organisms that are free-living or harbors on a host?

34
Q

What groups are protozoa classified into?

A

1) Sarcodina – The ameba (eg. Entamoeba)
2) Mastigophora – The flagellates (eg. Giardia, Leishmania)
3) Ciliophora – The cilates (eg. Balantidium; the only cilates
protozoan to affect humans)
4) Sporozoa – Non motile adult stage organisms (eg.
Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium). *Cryptosporidium is the
leading cause of waterborne disease in the US.

35
Q

What are large multicellular organisms visible to the naked eye in adult stage, that are free-living or harbors on a host and invades the GI track, but unable to multiply in humans?

36
Q

What three main groups of soil-transmitted helminths human parasite infections are there?

A

1) Flatworms (platyhelminths) – Reside in the GI tract. eg. Blood flukes (known as trematodes; eg. shisthosomiasis), and tapeworms (cestodes).
2) Thorny-headed worms (acanthocephalins) – Reside in the
GI tract.
3) Roundworms (nematodes) – Reside in the GI tract, blood,
lymph system or subcutaneous tissues (ie. ascarids, hookworms, pinworms).

37
Q

What type of organism is an ectoparasite?

A

Ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that burrow into the skin and remain there for weeks to months. This category broadly including other blood-sucking arthropods such as
mosquitos.

38
Q

What causes various disease, and more importantly functions as
vectors or transmitters of many different pathogens that causes
morbidity and mortality?

A

Ectoparasites

39
Q

What are used for diagnosing parasitic infections?

A

-Fecal (stool) exam
-Endoscopy/colonoscopy
-Blood tests
-X-ray/MRI

40
Q

What is the treatment for a parasitic infection?

A

Treatment is base on the affected organ (ie. GI, Derm, blood, liver),
symptoms, specific parasite, and other disease secondary from
parasite.