infectious disease 1

Question 1

what is a herd community

Answer 1

the immunity of a group or community

Question 2

what are the different types of vaccines used nowadays?

Answer 2

4

live-attenuated vaccines

inactivated vaccines

subunit vaccines

immunoglobulins

Question 3

what is a live attenuated vaccines

Answer 3

live virus particles with v. low virulence

pros - good immunogens, long lived immunity

cons - biochemical/genetic instability, C/I in immunosuppressed

Question 4

what are some examples of live-attenutated vaccines

Answer 4

MMR 
oral polio 
BCG
yellow fever
oral typhoid

Question 5

what is an inactiated vaccines

Answer 5

virus grown and killed or inactivated toxic compound used - components sufficient to produce response

pros - minial infectino risk

cons- less effect than live, need boosters

Question 6

examples of an inactivated vaccines

Answer 6

pertussis
parenteral polio
diphtheria
tetanus

Question 7

what is a subunit vaccines

Answer 7

presents antigens without introducing whole viral protein

pros - sage, less antigenic competition, target vaccines to site where required

cons - require strong adjuvants - tissue reactions, shorter duration of immunity

Question 8

examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 8

Men C
influenza
pneumococcus
Hep A&B

Question 9

what is an immunoglobulin vaccines

Answer 9

human normal Ig (HNIg) - passive immunity

Question 10

who is immunoglobulin vaccine for?

Answer 10

immunocompressed children

Question 11

what are some examples of immunoglobulins vaccine?

Answer 11

Hep B
chicken pox
rabies
tetanus

Question 12

what is in the 6 in 1 vaccination?

Answer 12

DTaP/IPV/HiB/HEB

diphtheria 
tetanus 
pertusis 
polio 
HiB
HEP-B

Question 13

what is included in the 2 months old vaccination?

Answer 13

6 in 1
Pneumonoccal
Men B
Rotavirus

Question 14

what is included in the 3 months old vaccination?

Answer 14

6 in 1
Men C
Rotavirus

Question 15

what is included in the 4 months old vaccination?

Answer 15

6 in 1
Men B
Pneumococcal

Question 16

what is included in the 12 months old vaccination?

Answer 16

Hib
Men B Men C
Pneumococcal
MMR

Question 17

what is included in the pre-school vaccination?

Answer 17

influenza

Question 18

what is included in the 3 year and 4 months vaccination?

Answer 18

DTaP/IPV

MMR

Question 19

what is included in the 12-13 yrs girlvaccination?

Answer 19

HPV vaccine

Question 20

what is included in the 14yrs old boys vaccination?

Answer 20

DTa/IPV
tetanus
diphtheria
polio

Men ACWY

Question 21

what are other vaccines available ?

Answer 21

BCG - only if done in high risk areas > 40 in 100,000

HEP B - will also be given at birth to high risk group

RSV - due winters months to high risk children (long term ventilation, chronic lung disease)

Yellow fever - for those travel to high risk area eg middle-east

Question 22

who should you not give the yellow fever vaccines to?

Answer 22

people who are allergic to egg

Question 23

what are some of the local side effect to vaccinations?

Answer 23

• pain, swelling or redness at the site of injection- usually mild and self-limiting
• occurence or severity of local reactions does not C/I further doses of immunisation

Question 24

what are some of the systemic side effect to vaccinations?

Answer 24

fever
malaise
myalgia
irritability 
headache and loss of appetite 

anaphylaxis - rare

Question 25

when will you delay immunisation?

Answer 25

when child acutely unwell (no minor viral illness - without fever or systemic upset) evolving neuro condition immunoglobulin been given recently

Question 26

what would you give immunisation in a patient with HIV

Answer 26

depends upon degree of immunosuppression give - MMR, oral polio (inactivated form), DTaP, Hiv, Hep-B, typhoid (IM), cholera

Question 27

what vaccine would you not give immunisation to a patient with HIV

Answer 27

BCG yellow fever oral typhoid

Question 28

what pathogen causes diphtheria

Answer 28

corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 29

what clinical feature does diphtheria has?

Answer 29

infection of the throat pharyngeal exudate upper airway obstruction exotoxin - cause myocarditis and neuritis with paralysis

Question 30

what type of vaccine is given to those with diphtheria

Answer 30

inactivated toxin

Question 31

what pathogen causes tetanus

Answer 31

anaerobic Clostridium tetani (found in soil) and enters body thorugh open wound

Question 32

What is the clinical features of tetanus

Answer 32

progressive painful muscle spasms which are caused by neurotoxin produced by organism leads to involvment of respiratory muscles --> asphyxia and death

Question 33

what type of vaccine is given to prevent tetanus

Answer 33

inactivated toxin if dirty wound is incurred > 10 years after last dose of tetanus then booster needed

Question 34

what pathogens cause whopping cough

Answer 34

bacterium bordetella - cause pertussis

Question 35

clinical features of whopping cough

Answer 35

upper resp illness lasts 6-8 wks also have been called the 100 days cough paroxysms of coughing, then whoop (sudden massive inspiratory effort against narrowed glottis) vomiting dyspnoea seizures

Question 36

what are the complications of whooping cough

Answer 36

bronchopneumonia convulsions apnoea bronchiectasiss

Question 37

what is the treatment of pertussis

Answer 37

erythromycin given early, but when the whooping starts, ABx the ineffective

Question 38

what type of vaccine is given to those with whopping cough

Answer 38

inactivated toxin

Question 39

what pathogen cause polio

Answer 39

poliovirus

Question 40

clinical features of polio

Answer 40

paralysis pain tenderness may results in - resp failure residual paralysis common in survivors

Question 41

what type of vaccine is give to prevent polio

Answer 41

inactivated toxin

Question 42

what can HiB cause in children

Answer 42

meningitis of young children

Question 43

what type of vaccine is given to prevent HiB

Answer 43

inactivated toxin

Question 44

what type of Men C vaccine is it?

Answer 44

sub unit but attached to the tetanus virus vaccine as a carrier

Question 45

what type of pneumococcal infection vaccine is it

Answer 45

sub unit

Question 46

what type of MMR vaccine is it?

Answer 46

live attenuated vaccine

Question 47

what sort of vaccines is BCG?

Answer 47

Live