Infectious Disease 1

Question 1

Gram stains

GRam positive color

Answer 1

purple (crystal violet): due thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall

Question 2

gram stains

gram negative color

Answer 2

stains pink

Question 3

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

CNS meningitis

Answer 3

Steep. Pneumoniae
Neisseria Meningitidis
H. Influenzae
Group B. Strep
Listeria (young/old)

Question 4

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

Mouth

Answer 4

Mouth flora (peptostreptococcus)

Question 5

Upper respiratory

Answer 5

Strep. Pneumoniae
H. Influenzae
Steep. Pyrogenes
M. Catarrhalis

Question 6

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

Lower respiratory tract (community)

Answer 6

Strep Pneumoniae
H Influenzae
Atypicals: (Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydophila)
Enteric GNR (alcohol use disorder)

Question 7

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

Lower respiratory (hospital)

Answer 7

MRSA
P. Aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumanni
Enteric gnr (INCLUDING esel +mdr)
Strep. Pneumoniae

Question 8

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

urinary tract

Answer 8

E. Coli, proteus, klebsiella
Staph. Saprophytic
Enterococci

Question 9

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

Bone Joint

Answer 9

staph. aureus
staph epidermis
streptococci
N. gonnorhe
(GNR only in specific situations)

Question 10

Common bacterial pathogens for select sites of infections

heart/ endocarditis

Answer 10

Staph. aureus, including MRSA
staph epidermis
streptococci
enterococci

Question 11

gram positive rod organisms

Answer 11

Listeria
monocytogenes
corynebacterium

Question 12

gram positive anaerobes

Answer 12

peptostreptococcus
clostridium spp.
clostridiouids difficile
propionibacterium acnes

Question 13

grass negative cocci bacteria

Answer 13

neisseria species

Question 14

GNR that do not colonize gut

Answer 14

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
H. Influenzae
Providencia spp.

Question 14

GNR that colonies the gut (enteric)

Answer 14

proteus mirabilis
E. Coli
Klebsiella spp
serrate spp
Enterobacter cloacae
Citrobacter spp.

Question 15

curved or spiral shaped GNR

Answer 15

h. pylori,
campylobacter spp
Treponema spp
Borella spp
Leptospira spp

Question 16

MIC definition

Answer 16

Lowest concentration with no growth

Question 17

Common Resistant Pothagoens

Kill Each And Every Strong Pathogen

Answer 17

Klebsiella Pneumoniae (ESBL, CRE)
E. Coli (ESBL, CRE)
Acinetobacter baumannii
Enterococcus faecalis/faecium (VRE)
Staph aureus (MRSA)
P. auruginosa

Question 18

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 18

intrinsic:
ex:
Selection pressure:
Enzyme inactivation (ex: beta lactamases)

Question 19

collateral damage w. C. Diff

Answer 19

healthy GI flora is killed by abc

overgrowth of resistant pathogens

SS: diarrhea, abdominal cramping, colitis (can be fatal

all abx can cause c diff.
BBW: clindamycin

Question 20

goals of antimicrobial stewardship programs

Answer 20

improve safety
reduce resistance
reduce AE
promote cost effectiveness

Question 21

hydrophilic agents characteristics and ex

Answer 21

beta lactase
aminoglycosides
glycopeptides (vance()
daptomycin
polymyxins

small vd
renal elimination
low intracellular conc
increased clarance in spesis
pooor-noderate bioavailability

Question 22

lipophyllic agents and their characteristics

Answer 22

quinolones
macrolides
rifampin
linezolid
tetracycline
chloremphenicol

Large vd
hepatic metabolism
achieve intracellular once
clearance changed minimally i spesis
excellent bioavailability

Question 23

Dose optimization strategies

CMAX:MIC (concentration-dependent

Answer 23

aminoglycosides , quinolones, dap,

Question 24

dose optimization strategies

Time>MIC (time dependent

Answer 24

betalactams (PCNs, cephalosporins, carbopenems)

Question 25

PCNS

natural PCNS
EX:
coverage:
IV formulations
PO: formulations

Answer 25

PCNS

EX: PCN G, PCN V
coverage: GRam + cocci (strep. enterococcus), GRam + anaerobes (like in the mouth)
NOTE: no staph coverage

IV formulations: pcnG aq.
IM: pcn G Benzathine (Bicillin L-A)
PO: formulations:
pcnvk

Question 26

PCNS
AMINO PCNS
EX:
coverage:
IV formulations
PO: formulations

Answer 26

PCNS

EX:amoxicillin, ampicillin
coverage: Adds HNPEK coverage to natural PCN coverage
IV formulations: ampicillin
PO: formulations: amoxicillin
ampicillin (very poor bioavailability. rarely used)

Question 27

PCNS
amino pcns+betalactamase inhibitor
EX:
coverage:
IV formulations
PO: formulations

Answer 27

PCNS

EX:amox/clav, amp/sulbactam
coverage: adds MSSA, more resistant strains of HNPEK, and gram negative anaerobes (B. Frag)
IV formulations
PO: formulations: unseen

Question 28

PCNS
extended spectrum beta lactamase
EX:
coverage:
IV formulations
PO: formulations

Answer 28

PCNS

EX: zosyn
coverage: adds CAPES+pseudamonas
IV formulations:pseudamonas
PO: formulations

Question 29

PCNS

EX: anti staph
coverage:
IV formulations
PO: formulations

Answer 29

PCNS

EX: NAFCILLIN
oxacillin
coverage: MSSA and strep ONLY
IV formulations: nafcillin, oxacillin
PO: formulations: dicloxacillin

Question 30

pcns as a class
cover:
don’t cover:

Answer 30

enterococcus
do not cover atypical OR MRSA

Question 31

pcn class effects

Answer 31

beta lactate allergy
risk of surgery

Question 32

1st gen cephalasporins

Question 33

class effects for carbapenems

Answer 33

esbl producing organisms

Question 34

Common resistant pathogens

Answer 34

Staph Aureus
P. aeruginosa
Acinobacter
E. Coli (ESBL, CRE)

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Question 35

Dose optimization strategies

Aminoglycosides

Answer 35

CMax: MIC

Question 36

Dose optimization strategies

Time dependent

Answer 36

ALL BETA LACTAMS

Question 37

1st gen ceph. ex and what they cover

Answer 37

IV cefazolin
PO: keflex

cover: staph, streptococci, PEK, mouth anaerobe

Question 38

2nd gen ceph

Answer 38

cefuroxime :IV/PO/IM

better gram negative (HNPEK)

Cefotetan and cefoxitin have anaerobic activity (b frag)

Question 39

3rd gen cepf

Answer 39

group 1: similar to aminopcns