Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > Infectious Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Infectious Diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

Infective gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection.
3+ stools in 24 hours plus at least one of:
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Blood/mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diarrhoea

A
  • Subjective

- Change in fluidity/frequency of stool from normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dysentery

A

Type of gastroenteritis caused by microorganisms: large bowel inflammation, abdominal pain and bloody stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Host’s natural defences

A
  • Gastric acid
  • Gut motility
  • Normal gut flora
  • Gut immunity
  • Age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mechanism of diarrhoea

A
  • Toxin
  • Invasion
  • Others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Non-inflammatory infective gastroenteritis

A

Secretory enterotoxin- mediated

- Does not invade intestinal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-inflammatory infective gastroenteritis: organisms

A
  • Enterotoxigenic E. coli (traveller’s diarrhoea)
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Staph aureus
  • Vibrio cholera
  • Rotavirus
  • Noravirus
  • Giardia
  • Cryptosporidium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inflammatory infective gastroenteritis

A

Toxin-mediated damage and mucosal destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inflammatory infective gastroenteritis: organisms

A
  • E. coli
  • Campylobacter
  • Salmonella
  • Staph aureus
  • Shigella
  • Entamoeba histolytica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Infective gastroenteritis epidemiology

A
  • Contaminated foodstuffs
  • Poor storage of produce
  • Travel-related
  • Person-to-person spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bacteria causes of infective gastroenteritis

A
  • Campylobacter (most common)
  • Salmonella
  • E. coli O157
  • Cholera
  • Shigella
  • Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Food poisoning outbreaks

A
  • Staph aureus (toxin)
  • Bacillus cereus (re-fried rice)
  • Clostridium perfringens (undercooked meat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common cause of infective gastroenteritis

A

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Viral causes of infective gastroenteritis

A
  • Rotavirus (most common)
  • Norovirus
  • Adenovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parasitic causes of infective gastroenteritis

A
  • Giardia
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Entamoeba histolytica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bristol Stool Chart

A

Improving/worsening

  • Frequency
  • Fluidity
  • Timeframe
  • Infective gastroenteritis: Type 6/7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Non-inflammatory infective gastroenteritis: symptoms

A
  • Frequent watery stools

- Little abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inflammatory infective gastroenteritis: symptoms

A
  • SIRS: pain, fever

- Bloody stools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: history

A
  • Symptom duration

- Food poisoning risk: dietary, contact, travel

20
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: differential diagnosis

A
  • IBD (>2 weeks)
  • Spurious diarrhoea
  • Carcinoma
  • Extra-intestinal sepsis
21
Q

Hydration assessment

A
  • Postural BP
  • Skin turgor
  • Pulse
  • Urine flow
  • Muscle cramps
22
Q

Inflammatory features of infective gastroenteritis

A
  • Fever

- Bloods: raised WCC, culture

23
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: investigations

A
  • Stool culture
  • Blood culture: immune deficiency
  • Renal function
  • Blood count: neutrophilia, haemolysis
  • AXR/CT
24
Q

Routine stool culture organisms

A
  • Campylobacter
  • Salmonella
  • Shigella
  • E. coli O157
25
Q

Additional bacterial stool culture

A
  • Specific bacteria not routine

- Toxin detection

26
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: viral diagnosis

A

PCR

27
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: parasite diagnosis

A

Stool microscopy (PCO)

  • Parasites
  • Cysts
  • Ova
28
Q

Infective gastroenteritis: Prevention

A
  • Hygiene

important for viral

29
Q

Non-inflammatory Infective gastroenteritis: Management

A
  • Rehydration
    IV (saline), oral (salt/glucose)
    Antibody therapy not beneficial
30
Q

Inflammatory Infective gastroenteritis: Management

A
  • Rehydration

- Antimicrobials may be appropriate

31
Q

Antimicrobial indications

A
  • Immunocompromised
  • Severe sepsis
  • Invasive infection
  • Chronic illness
32
Q

Complication of E. Coli O157

A

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome

  • Blood disorder
  • Largely children, adults, compromised
    1. Acute renal failure
    2. Haemolytic anaemia
    3. Thrombocytopenia
  • 5-9 days after diarrhoea
  • Symptoms: bloody diarrhoea, fever, vomiting, weakness
33
Q

Campylobacter gastroenteritis

A

Commonest bacterial gastroenteritis

  • Gram negative spiral bacteria
  • C-jejuni (90%), C. coli
  • Inflammatory
  • Food poisoning
  • up to 7 days incubation, severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea (bloody)
  • Routine stool culture
  • Post-infective: polyneuritis, reactive arthritis
  • Infections clears in 3/52
34
Q

Salmonella gastroenteritis

A
  • Gram negative rod
  • Inflammatory
  • S. enterica, bongori
  • Food poisoning, travel
  • <48 hours after exposure
  • Diarrhoea <10 days
  • Routine stool culture (lactose non-fermenters)
  • Post-infectious IBS common (1/4)
35
Q

E. coli O157 gastroenteritis

A
  • Gram negative rod stays in gut
  • Shiva-Like toxin in blood
  • Contaminated meat
  • Person-to-person spread
  • Frequent bloody stools
  • Complication: HUS
  • Routine stool culture: lactose fermenter
  • Excretion after 3/52 NO ANTIBIOTICS
36
Q

Vibrio cholera

A
  • Gram negative comma
  • Non-inflammatory
  • Increased cAMP/Cl/Na/K secretion
  • Food/water contamination
  • Watery diarrhoea
  • Antimicrobial resistance, vaccine
37
Q

Shigella

A
  • Gram negative rod
  • 4 species: S. sonnei, flexneri, boydii, dysenteriae
  • Produces SLT (inflammatory)
  • Food/water contamination, travel
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Severe: antibiotics
38
Q

Clostridiodes (Clostridium) difficile

A
  • Gram positive rod
  • C. diff produces Enterotoxin and Cytotoxin
  • Inflammatory
  • Previous antibiotics (4C’s), institution
  • Mild diarrhoea to severe colitis, fever, nausea, vomiting
  • Not routine, bloods, imaging
39
Q

4C’s

A
  • Cephalosporin’s
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Clindamycin
  • Ciprofloxacin
40
Q

C. diff: Management

A

Stop precipitating antibiotic

  • Oral metronidazole (if no severity markers)
  • Oral vancomycin (if 2 or more severity markers)
  • Fidaxomicin
  • Stool transplants
  • Surgery

Prevention

  • Reduce broad spectrum antibiotics
  • Avoid 4C’s
  • Antimicrobial Management Team
  • Isolate symptomatic patients
  • Wash hands (not alcohol)
  • Cleaning environment
41
Q

Giardia duodenalis

A
  • Non-inflammatory
  • 2 forms: cysts, trophozoites
  • Contaminated water (cysts)
  • Giardiasis: abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea, watery diarrhoea, malabsorption, failure to thrive
  • Stool microscopy: cyst
  • Diarrhoea specimen, duodenal biopsy, string test: trophozoites
  • Metronidazole
42
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A
  • Non-inflammatory
  • 2 forms: oocysts, trophozoites
  • Water contamination (oocysts)
  • Cryptosporidiosis: watery diarrhoea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal cramps, low grade fever
  • Stool microscopy
  • No specific treatment
43
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A
  • Inflammatory
  • Water/food contamination
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Complications: amoebic liver abscess
  • Stool microscopy
  • Serum antibody
  • 10/7 Metronidazole (symptomatic), Diloxanide furoate (asymptomatic)
44
Q

Rotavirus

A

Most common virus

  • Infects mature enterocytes (villous body, tip), cell death and lactose intolerance
  • Non-inflammatory (watery diarrhoea)
  • Faecal-oral transmission
  • Antigen detection in stool
  • Vaccine at 8+12 weeks
45
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • Diarrhoea, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory symptoms
  • 10 days
46
Q

Norovirus

A
  • Highly contagious (infection dose: 18 particles)
  • Non-Inflammatory
  • Institutions: hospital, community, cruise ships
  • Watery diarrhoea, vomiting
  • PCR testing
  • Ward closures, strict infection control

Infection (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions