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IHL Exam 1 > Infectious Anemia > Flashcards

Infectious Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is macrocytic anemia?

A

Anemia where red blood cells are larger than their normal volume

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2
Q

What is microcytic anemia?

A

Anemia where you have small, often hypochromatic red blood cells

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3
Q

What is normocytic anemia?

A

Anemia where you have normal sized red blood cells but a small number of them.

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4
Q

What is Megaloblastic anemia?

A

A condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts)

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5
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Anemia caused by the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells.

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6
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

A rare anemia in which the bone marrow and the hematopoietic stem cells that reside there are damaged. This causes a deficiency of all three blood cell types (pancytopenia): red blood cells (anemia), white blood cells (leukopenia), and platelets (thrombocytopenia).

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7
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

A deficiency of all three blood cell types (RBC, white blood cells, thrombocytes)

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8
Q

What is pure red cell anemia (PRCA)?

A

A type ofanemia affecting the precursors toredbloodcellsbut not white bloodcells. Can be caused by Parvovirus B19 in patients with pre-existing high RBC turnover rates (sickle cell, thalassemia. spherocytosis).

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9
Q

What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

When the body’s immune system creates antibodies ( IgG) directed at RBC surface proteins

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10
Q

What are some infectious agents that can cause aplastic anemia?

A

Hepatitis virus, CMV, EBV and HSV viral infections

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11
Q

How does babesia and plasmodium cause hemolytic anemia?

A

They directly infect RBC leading to cell lysis.

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12
Q

How does Leishmania cause hemolytic anemia?

A

Infects the reticuloendothelial system which causes the production of oxidative metabolic products that lyse RBCs.

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13
Q

How does Clostridium perfringens cause hemolytic anemia?

A

Produces alpha toxin which lyses RBCs.

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14
Q

How does Haemophilus influenza type B cause hemolytic anemia?

A

The capsular polysaccharide (PRP) binds to the red blood cell surface and anti-PRP antibodies lyse the cell.

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15
Q

What infectious agents can cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

EBV, CMV, or HIV infections.

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16
Q

What is microcytic hypochromic anemia associated with?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency anemia) is caused by blood loss. Infectious agents that can cause this include parasites like hook worm.

17
Q

What is an infectious agent that can cause megaloblastic anemia?

A

D. Latum through the accompanying B12 deficiency.

18
Q

What are the only two known human pathogens in the Parvoviridae?

A

Parvovirus B19 and Bocavirus.

19
Q

What is the tropism of parvovirus B19?

A

Erythroid precursor cells and erythroblasts.

20
Q

Why must parvovirus B19 infect erythroid precursor cells?

A

Because it must infect mitotically active cells as it does not encode the means to stimulate cell growth or a polymerase.

21
Q

What disease does parvovirus B19 cause in children?

A

Fifths disease/erythema infectiosum.

22
Q

What disease does parvovirus B19 cause in adults?

A

Acute aseptic arthritis.

23
Q

Approximately what percentage of the adult population has been infected with parvovirus B19 by age 40?

A

65%

24
Q

What is the target receptor for parvovirus B19?

A

Erythrocyte P antigen

25
Q

What is the overview of parvovirus B19 replication?

A

After binding to the erythrocyte blood group P antigen (globoside) and its internalization, the virion is uncoated, and the single-stranded DNA genome is delivered to the nucleus. Factors available only during the S phase of the cell’s growth cycle and cellular DNA polymerases are required to generate a complementary DNA strand.

26
Q

What can a chronic parvovirus B19 infection cause in immunocompromised patients?

A

PRCA Pure red cell aplasia

27
Q

What can an acute parvovirus B19 infection cause in those with pre-existing high RBC turnover rates? (sickle cell, thalassemia, spherocytosis)

A

Transient Aplastic Crisis

TAC

28
Q

Why is hydrops fetalis rare?

A

Most adult women have antibodies to parvovirus B19 (65% of the adult population infected before age 40)

29
Q

What is transient aplastic crisis (TAC)?

A

The abrupt cessation of erythropoiesis characterized by reticulocytopenia, absent erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, and precipitous worsening of anemia

30
Q

What does a CBC look like in patients with transient aplastic crisis?

A
  • Low reticulocyte count ( 0-1%)
  • Drop in hemoglobin levels by 2g/dL
  • IgM antibodies by day 3 of illness
  • IgG antibodies at time of recovery of erythrogenesis
  • PCR will demonstrate high level viremia during TAC
31
Q

What are two example of hookworms?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

32
Q

What other symptoms can hookworms cause other than microcytic/ hypochromic anemia?

A
  • vague gastro intestinal complaints
  • “ground-itch” rash
  • Respiratory symptoms (eosinophilic pneumonitis) due to migration of the larvae
  • Pallor, weakness, fatigue, edema
33
Q

How are hookworms (nematodes) transmitted?

A

Transmission is by direct penetration of skin by the filariform larvae. Usually through bare feet in fecal contaminated areas.

34
Q

What is the parthenogenesis of hookworm infection?

A

Adult worms adhere to mucosa and suck blood which causes iron deficiency anemia due to chronic blood loss.

35
Q

What is the importance of Vitamin B12 and folate?

A

They are required for required for thymine synthesis, a building block for DNA

36
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia characterized by?

A

Large (macrocytic) & oval red blood cells and low reticulocyte count. Possibly nucleated RBCs in circulation

37
Q

How does Diphyllobothrium latum cause megaloblastic anemia?

A

Heavy vitamin B12 uptake by the parasite causes impaired DNA synthesis and normal hemoglobin accumulation.

38
Q

What are the virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae B?

A
  • Anti-phagocytic Polyribose Phosphate (PRP) Capsule

- IgA1 protease

39
Q

What are some differentials for Haemophilus influenzae B?

A
  • Fails to grow on MacConkey agar and BAP.
  • V Factor (NAD) requirement
  • X factor requirement
  • Grows on “Chocolate” agar well

IHL Exam 1 (8 decks)

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