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INFECTIONS - M - W3 - pneumonia Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Gram-negative

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant pathogen associated with pneumonia.

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2
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

A

Lobar Pneumonia

Lobar pneumonia caused by Klebsiella can be severe and may lead to lung abscesses and necrotizing infections.

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3
Q

In which patient populations is Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia common?

A

Common in alcoholics, diabetics, and hospitalized patients

These populations are more susceptible to severe infections.

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4
Q

What is a key feature of sputum in Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?

A

Mucoid, thick, ‘currant jelly’ sputum

This characteristic sputum is indicative of Klebsiella infections.

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5
Q

What are the key diagnostic tools for Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?

A
  • Sputum culture
  • Gram stain
  • Chest X-ray (CXR)
  • Blood cultures

These tests help in confirming the diagnosis and assessing severity.

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6
Q

What is the empirical treatment for mild to moderate Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?

A
  • Cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone, cefepime)
  • Aminoglycosides

Empirical therapy is crucial for effective management.

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7
Q

What treatment is recommended for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella (CRKP)?

A
  • Polymyxins (colistin)
  • Tigecycline

These are used for resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

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8
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A

Atypical Pneumonia (Legionnaires’ disease)

This form of pneumonia is linked to contaminated water sources.

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9
Q

Name a common symptom of Legionnaires’ disease.

A

High fever, diarrhea, confusion

These symptoms are indicative of the atypical nature of this pneumonia.

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10
Q

What diagnostic test is rapid and sensitive for Legionella pneumophila?

A

Urinary Legionella antigen test

This test is crucial for quick diagnosis.

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11
Q

What is the first-line treatment for Legionella pneumophila pneumonia?

A

Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin, clarithromycin)

These antibiotics are effective against Legionella.

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12
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Typical Lobar Pneumonia

This is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.

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13
Q

What is a characteristic feature of sputum in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?

A

Rust-colored sputum

This is a classic sign associated with pneumococcal pneumonia.

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14
Q

What is a key diagnostic finding in a Gram stain for Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci

This morphology is crucial for identifying the bacteria.

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15
Q

What is the typical treatment for mild cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia?

A
  • Amoxicillin
  • Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin)

These treatments are effective for outpatient management.

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16
Q

What vaccines are recommended for the prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?

A
  • Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23)

Vaccination is important for high-risk groups.

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17
Q

What is the definition of Typical Pneumonia?

A

Typical pneumonia is usually caused by well-known, common bacterial pathogens that tend to produce a more straightforward clinical picture. It often results in lobar pneumonia.

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18
Q

Name a common causative organism of Typical Pneumonia.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

The most common pathogen in typical pneumonia, especially in adults.

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19
Q

Which organism is associated with Typical Pneumonia in individuals with COPD?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

Especially in individuals with underlying lung diseases.

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20
Q

What are the clinical features of Typical Pneumonia?

A

Sudden onset of symptoms such as:
* Fever
* Chills
* Pleuritic chest pain
* Productive cough
* Shortness of breath

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21
Q

What type of sputum production is associated with Typical Pneumonia?

A

Purulent (yellow/green) and may be blood-tinged.

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22
Q

What is a common radiographic feature of Typical Pneumonia?

A

Lobar consolidation

A dense, localized area on the chest X-ray, indicating bacterial infection.

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23
Q

What are common treatments for Typical Pneumonia?

A

Commonly treated with:
* Beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, ceftriaxone)
* Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin)
* Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin)

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24
Q

What is the definition of Atypical Pneumonia?

A

Atypical pneumonia is caused by organisms that don’t follow the typical patterns of bacterial pneumonia and often produce milder symptoms.

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25
Which organism is the most common cause of Atypical Pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae ## Footnote Especially in young adults.
26
What are the clinical features of Atypical Pneumonia?
Gradual onset of symptoms such as: * Fever * Headache * Dry (non-productive) cough * Mild shortness of breath
27
What type of cough is associated with Atypical Pneumonia?
Dry, non-productive cough.
28
What are common radiographic features of Atypical Pneumonia?
Interstitial infiltrates or patchy infiltrates on chest X-ray.
29
What is a treatment option for Atypical Pneumonia?
Often treated with macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline).
30
True or False: Atypical Pneumonia generally presents with high fever.
False ## Footnote Atypical pneumonia usually presents with low or mild fever.
31
Fill in the blank: Typical pneumonia often results in _______.
lobar pneumonia.
32
What is a less common but severe causative organism of Typical Pneumonia?
Group A Streptococcus ## Footnote Sometimes linked to more aggressive forms.
33
What type of pneumonia is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
Atypical pneumonia.
34
Which pathogen is associated with severe illness in Atypical Pneumonia and linked to water systems?
Legionella pneumophila.
35
What are common symptoms of Atypical Pneumonia?
Myalgia (muscle aches) and fatigue.
36
What is the definition of typical pneumonia?
Typical pneumonia is usually caused by well-known, common bacterial pathogens that tend to produce a more straightforward clinical picture. It often results in lobar pneumonia, characterized by infection and consolidation in one or more lobes of the lung.
37
What is the most common pathogen in typical pneumonia, especially in adults?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
38
Which bacterium is especially associated with individuals having underlying lung diseases like COPD?
Haemophilus influenzae
39
Which organism is a common cause of pneumonia in individuals with COPD?
Moraxella catarrhalis
40
What pathogen is particularly noted for causing pneumonia after viral infections such as influenza?
Staphylococcus aureus
41
Fill in the blank: A rarer but severe cause of typical pneumonia is _______.
Group A Streptococcus
42
True or False: Typical pneumonia often results in lobar pneumonia.
True
43
What is atypical pneumonia?
Atypical pneumonia is caused by organisms that don’t follow the typical patterns of bacterial pneumonia and often produce milder symptoms, leading to the term 'walking pneumonia' ## Footnote It typically involves interstitial pneumonia and presents with more systemic, nonspecific symptoms.
44
What type of pneumonia is often referred to as 'walking pneumonia'?
Atypical pneumonia ## Footnote This term reflects the milder symptoms that allow individuals to remain active.
45
What is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae ## Footnote It is especially prevalent in young adults.
46
Which organism can cause mild to moderate atypical pneumonia infections?
Chlamydia pneumoniae ## Footnote It commonly affects young adults or those with chronic diseases.
47
Which pathogen is associated with severe illness and often linked to water systems?
Legionella pneumophila ## Footnote Examples include air conditioning systems and hot tubs.
48
What disease is caused by Coxiella burnetii?
Q fever ## Footnote This organism is associated with livestock exposure.
49
Which viruses can cause atypical pneumonia?
Influenza, RSV, adenovirus, and COVID-19 ## Footnote These viruses contribute to the causative organisms of atypical pneumonia.
50
Atypical pneumonia typically presents with _______ symptoms.
systemic, nonspecific ## Footnote These symptoms differ from the typical localized symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.
51
True or False: Atypical pneumonia is usually caused by traditional bacteria.
False ## Footnote Atypical pneumonia is caused by organisms that do not follow the typical bacterial patterns.
52
examples of atypical pneumonia pathogens
- *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* - *Chlamydia pneumoniae* - *Legionella pneumophila*
53
What are the 4Cs antibiotics?
Clindamycin, Cephalosporins, Ciprofloxacin, Co-amoxiclav ## Footnote The 4Cs antibiotics are associated with increased risks of C. difficile infections and antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
54
How do the 4Cs antibiotics affect gut microbiota?
They disturb the gut microbiota, reducing protective bacterial populations. ## Footnote This reduction allows C. difficile spores to germinate and cause severe colitis.
55
What condition does C. difficile spores cause when they germinate?
Severe colitis ## Footnote C. difficile spores are resistant to antibiotics, leading to severe intestinal infections.
56
What is the impact of overuse of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones on Streptococcus pneumoniae?
It has led to resistance in S. pneumoniae. ## Footnote This resistance complicates the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia.
57
What emerging problem is associated with fluoroquinolone use in S. pneumoniae?
Fluoroquinolone resistance ## Footnote This issue is particularly concerning in patients with repeated courses of treatment.
58
In what scenario is doxycycline used for pneumonia?
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in mild cases ## Footnote It serves as an alternative to amoxicillin or macrolides.
59
What atypical pneumonia pathogens is doxycycline effective against?
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae*, *Chlamydia pneumoniae*, *Legionella pneumophila* ## Footnote Doxycycline is effective against these pathogens in cases of pneumonia.
60
When can doxycycline be used in patients with penicillin allergy?
As a substitute for beta-lactam antibiotics in mild pneumococcal pneumonia ## Footnote This is applicable if the patient is allergic to penicillins or cephalosporins.
61
What is doxycycline used for in cases of suspected atypical pneumonia?
An alternative to macrolides and fluoroquinolones ## Footnote This is especially to avoid overusing fluoroquinolones, which can drive resistance.
62
In what patient population is doxycycline sometimes used to treat pneumonia?
Patients with COPD exacerbations and pneumonia ## Footnote It is effective against bacterial infections complicating COPD.
63
List the conditions where doxycycline is used.
* Mild community-acquired pneumonia * Penicillin-allergic patients * Atypical pneumonia * COPD patients with pneumonia ## Footnote Doxycycline serves various roles in treating pneumonia under specific circumstances.
64
What type of bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Gram-negative ## Footnote Klebsiella pneumoniae is associated with severe pneumonia cases.
65
What type of pneumonia is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lobar Pneumonia ## Footnote Often severe, may lead to lung abscess and necrotizing pneumonia.
66
Who is commonly affected by Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?
Alcoholics, diabetics, and hospitalized patients ## Footnote These populations are at higher risk for severe infections.
67
What is a key feature of the sputum in Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?
Mucoid, thick, 'currant jelly' sputum ## Footnote This type of sputum is bloody and mucoid in nature.
68
What are the diagnostic methods for Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?
* Sputum culture * Gram stain * Chest X-ray (CXR) * Blood cultures ## Footnote These methods help confirm the presence of the bacteria and assess severity.
69
What are the first-line treatments for Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?
* Carbapenems (e.g., meropenem, imipenem) * Cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone, cefepime) + aminoglycosides * Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin) ## Footnote Treatment varies based on the severity and resistance patterns.
70
What is the prevention strategy for Klebsiella pneumoniae infections?
Infection control in hospitals ## Footnote Includes hand hygiene and contact precautions.
71
What type of pneumonia does Legionella pneumophila cause?
Atypical Pneumonia ## Footnote Also known as Legionnaires' disease.
72
What are common sources of Legionella pneumophila infection?
Contaminated water sources ## Footnote Examples include air conditioners and humidifiers.
73
What are the key symptoms of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia?
* High fever * Diarrhea * Confusion (CNS symptoms) ## Footnote These symptoms are indicative of Legionnaires' disease.
74
What is the rapid diagnostic test for Legionella pneumophila?
Urinary Legionella antigen test ## Footnote This test is known for its sensitivity and speed.
75
What is the first-line treatment for Legionella pneumophila pneumonia?
Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin, clarithromycin) ## Footnote These antibiotics are effective against the bacteria.
76
What type of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with?
Typical Lobar Pneumonia ## Footnote It is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
77
What is a characteristic feature of the sputum in Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
Rust-colored sputum ## Footnote This is a distinguishing symptom of pneumonia caused by this bacterium.
78
What is the primary diagnostic method for Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia?
Gram stain ## Footnote It reveals Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci.
79
What is the treatment for mild cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia?
* Amoxicillin * Macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin) ## Footnote These are typically effective for outpatient treatment.
80
What vaccines are available for preventing Streptococcus pneumoniae infections?
Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13, PPSV23) ## Footnote Recommended for high-risk groups to prevent severe pneumonia.
81
What is pleural effusion?
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall) ## Footnote Pleural effusion can be either transudative or exudative based on the underlying cause.
82
What is pneumonia?
Infection and inflammation of the lung tissue (alveoli), usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi ## Footnote Pneumonia results from inhalation of pathogens that lead to inflammation and fluid accumulation inside the lung alveoli.
83
What are common causes of pleural effusion?
- Heart failure - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis - Cancer - Kidney disease - Autoimmune diseases ## Footnote Pleural effusions can be classified as transudative or exudative based on the mechanism of fluid accumulation.
84
What are common causes of pneumonia?
- Bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae) - Viruses - Fungi ## Footnote Pneumonia is characterized by inflammation and can be caused by various infectious agents.
85
Where does fluid accumulate in pleural effusion?
Outside the lung in the pleural space ## Footnote This accumulation can lead to lung compression and respiratory difficulties.
86
Where does infection occur in pneumonia?
Inside the lung tissue (alveoli) ## Footnote The infection can cause significant inflammation and fluid buildup in the affected alveoli.
87
What are common symptoms of pleural effusion?
- Shortness of breath (dyspnea) - Chest pain (pleuritic pain) - Dry cough - Fever (in severe cases) ## Footnote Symptoms can vary based on the severity and underlying cause of the effusion.
88
What are common symptoms of pneumonia?
- Fever - Chills - Cough (productive or dry) - Shortness of breath - Chest pain (pleuritic) - Fatigue - Sputum production ## Footnote Symptoms may vary based on the causative organism and severity of the infection.
89
How is pleural effusion diagnosed?
- Chest X-ray - Ultrasound - Thoracentesis - CT scan ## Footnote These diagnostic methods help identify fluid accumulation and its cause.
90
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
- Chest X-ray - CT scan - Sputum culture - Blood tests - Pulse oximetry ## Footnote Diagnosis involves imaging and laboratory tests to identify the infectious agent.
91
What is a common treatment for pleural effusion?
- Drainage (thoracentesis) - Treat underlying cause (e.g., diuretics, antibiotics) - Pleurodesis for recurrent effusions ## Footnote Treatment depends on the cause and severity of the effusion.
92
What is a common treatment for pneumonia?
- Antibiotics (if bacterial) - Antiviral drugs (if viral) - Oxygen therapy - Fluids & fever control ## Footnote Treatment is tailored based on the infectious agent and patient condition.
93
What are potential complications of pleural effusion?
- Empyema - Lung compression ## Footnote Complications can arise from untreated pleural effusion or underlying conditions.
94
What are potential complications of pneumonia?
- Respiratory failure - Sepsis - Pleural effusion ## Footnote Pneumonia can lead to serious complications, especially if not treated promptly.
95
Fill in the blank: Pleural effusion is fluid ______ the lungs.
outside ## Footnote This distinguishes it from pneumonia, which occurs inside the lung tissue.
96
Fill in the blank: Pneumonia is an infection ______ the lung tissue.
inside ## Footnote This highlights the primary difference between pneumonia and pleural effusion.
97
True or False: Pleural effusion always involves infection.
False ## Footnote Pleural effusion can occur without infection, whereas pneumonia is always an infectious process.
98
True or False: Pneumonia can lead to pleural effusion as a complication.
True ## Footnote This is known as parapneumonic effusion.
99
What is a parapneumonic effusion?
A pleural effusion that occurs as a complication of pneumonia due to inflammation spreading to the pleura.
100
What characterizes an uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion?
Mild inflammation causes sterile fluid to collect in the pleural space with a small amount of fluid and no bacteria present.
101
What is the treatment for uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion?
Treat the underlying pneumonia with antibiotics.
102
What causes a complicated parapneumonic effusion?
More severe inflammation leads to bacteria and immune cells entering the pleural space.
103
What are the characteristics of a complicated parapneumonic effusion?
Increased white blood cells, bacteria, fibrin deposits; fluid thickens, making drainage difficult.
104
What is the treatment for complicated parapneumonic effusion?
Antibiotics and drainage (thoracentesis or chest tube).
105
What defines empyema in the context of parapneumonic effusion?
The fluid in the pleural space becomes heavily infected, turning into thick pus.
106
What are the characteristics of empyema?
Thick, pus-filled pleural fluid; may form loculations; can lead to lung restriction.
107
What is the treatment for empyema?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, chest tube drainage, fibrinolytics, and possibly surgery.
108
Fill in the blank: An uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion responds well to _______.
antibiotics alone
109
True or False: Complicated parapneumonic effusion does not require drainage.
False
110
List the treatments for empyema.
* Antibiotics (broad-spectrum, then adjusted based on culture results) * Chest tube drainage * Fibrinolytics * Surgery (thoracotomy or VATS)
111
What is the definition of typical pneumonia?
Typical pneumonia is usually caused by well-known, common bacterial pathogens that produce a more straightforward clinical picture, often resulting in lobar pneumonia.
112
Which organism is the most common pathogen in typical pneumonia, especially in adults?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
113
Name two other causative organisms of typical pneumonia.
* Haemophilus influenzae * Staphylococcus aureus
114
What are common clinical features of typical pneumonia?
* Sudden onset of fever * Pleuritic chest pain * Productive cough * Shortness of breath
115
What does the sputum production in typical pneumonia often look like?
Purulent (yellow/green) and may be blood-tinged.
116
What is a common radiographic feature of typical pneumonia?
Lobar consolidation
117
What type of antibiotics are typically used to treat typical pneumonia?
* Beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin) * Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) * Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin)
118
What is the definition of atypical pneumonia?
Atypical pneumonia is caused by organisms that don’t follow the typical patterns of bacterial pneumonia, often producing milder symptoms.
119
Which organism is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia in young adults?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
120
Name two other causative organisms of atypical pneumonia.
* Chlamydia pneumoniae * Legionella pneumophila
121
What are common clinical features of atypical pneumonia?
* Gradual onset of symptoms * Low or mild fever * Dry (non-productive) cough * Myalgia and fatigue
122
What is a common radiographic feature of atypical pneumonia?
Interstitial infiltrates
123
What type of antibiotics are typically used to treat atypical pneumonia?
* Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) * Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline) * Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin)
124
Fill in the blank: The onset of typical pneumonia is _______ and acute.
sudden
125
Fill in the blank: Atypical pneumonia is often referred to as _______.
walking pneumonia
126
True or False: Typical pneumonia often affects young, healthy individuals.
False
127
True or False: Atypical pneumonia usually presents with a high fever.
False
128
What is a notable complication of typical pneumonia?
Pleural effusion
129
What distinguishes the chest pain in typical pneumonia compared to atypical pneumonia?
Typical pneumonia has pleuritic, sharp, localized chest pain, while atypical pneumonia has minimal or absent chest pain.
130
What key clinical feature can help distinguish atypical pneumonia from typical pneumonia?
Gradual onset of symptoms
131
What factors can indicate the causative organism in atypical pneumonia?
History of exposure to contaminated water sources or being a young adult with gradual onset of symptoms.
132
What is the appearance of infiltrates on a chest X-ray in atypical pneumonia?
Diffuse rather than localized.
133
What is the key feature of *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*?
**No cell wall**, smallest bacteria, resistant to beta-lactams. Causes **'walking pneumonia'**.
134
Which groups are at risk for *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* infections?
* Young adults * Military recruits * Dormitories
135
What characterizes *Chlamydophila pneumoniae*?
**Obligate intracellular** bacteria. Mild, prolonged cough.
136
Who is most at risk for *Chlamydophila pneumoniae* infections?
* Elderly * COPD patients
137
What is a unique feature of *Legionella pneumophila*?
Grows in **water systems** (AC units, hot tubs).
138
What disease does *Legionella pneumophila* cause?
**Legionnaires' disease** (severe pneumonia with GI & CNS symptoms).
139
Who is at risk for *Legionella pneumophila* infections?
* Smokers * Elderly * Immunocompromised * Travelers (hotels, cruise ships)
140
What does *Coxiella burnetii* cause?
**Q fever**.
141
What type of pathogen is *Coxiella burnetii*?
**Zoonotic** (found in livestock, inhaled from animal droppings).
142
Who is at risk for *Coxiella burnetii* infections?
* Farmers * Veterinarians
143
What is the onset of atypical pneumonia?
**Gradual onset** (rather than sudden).
144
How does fever in atypical pneumonia compare to typical pneumonia?
**Low-grade fever** (less severe than typical pneumonia).
145
Describe the cough associated with atypical pneumonia.
**Non-productive (dry) cough** (no significant sputum).
146
What do X-ray findings typically show in atypical pneumonia?
**Diffuse, patchy lung involvement** (rather than lobar consolidation).
147
What are common extrapulmonary symptoms of *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*?
* Ear pain (bullous myringitis) * Hemolytic anemia * Rash
148
What are common extrapulmonary symptoms of *Legionella pneumophila*?
* GI symptoms (diarrhea, nausea) * Confusion * Hyponatremia
149
What are common extrapulmonary symptoms of *Coxiella burnetii*?
* Hepatitis * Endocarditis
150
What is the onset difference between typical and atypical pneumonia?
* Typical pneumonia: Sudden * Atypical pneumonia: Gradual
151
How does the cough differ between typical and atypical pneumonia?
* Typical pneumonia: Productive (mucopurulent sputum) * Atypical pneumonia: Dry (non-productive)
152
What is the fever characteristic of typical pneumonia?
**High (>38.5°C)**.
153
What are the CXR findings for typical pneumonia?
**Lobar consolidation** (well-defined).
154
What organisms cause typical pneumonia?
* *Streptococcus pneumoniae* * *Haemophilus influenzae*
155
What organisms cause atypical pneumonia?
* *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* * *Legionella pneumophila* * *Chlamydia pneumoniae*
156
What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for atypical pneumonia?
**Macrolides** (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin).
157
What alternative antibiotic can be used for atypical pneumonia?
**Tetracyclines** (Doxycycline).
158
What antibiotics are used for severe cases of atypical pneumonia?
**Fluoroquinolones** (Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin).
159
What is ineffective against atypical pneumonia pathogens?
**Beta-lactams** (e.g., Penicillins, Cephalosporins) are ineffective.
160
What diagnostic tests are used for atypical pneumonia?
* Serology & PCR Testing * Urinary antigen test for *Legionella pneumophila* * Chest X-ray
161
What do chest X-ray findings show in atypical pneumonia?
**Diffuse patchy infiltrates**, rather than a single lobar consolidation.
162
What is pneumonitis?
Pneumonitis refers to inflammation in the lung tissue, affecting the alveoli and surrounding structures. ## Footnote Symptoms may include cough, dyspnea, and fever, and it is typically non-infectious.
163
What are the symptoms of pneumonitis?
Symptoms include: * Cough * Dyspnea * Fever ## Footnote These symptoms can be similar to those of pneumonia.
164
What is chemical pneumonitis?
Chemical pneumonitis occurs when harmful chemicals or irritants are inhaled, leading to lung tissue damage. ## Footnote Examples of irritants include smoke, toxic fumes, industrial chemicals, or drugs.
165
Define hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP).
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immune-mediated reaction triggered by repeated exposure to organic particles. ## Footnote Common triggers include bird droppings, mold spores, and other allergens.
166
What causes radiation pneumonitis?
Radiation pneumonitis results from radiation therapy and the resultant inflammation of lung tissue. ## Footnote This type of pneumonitis occurs after exposure to radiation.
167
What is drug-induced pneumonitis?
Drug-induced pneumonitis is caused by certain medications that can induce lung inflammation as a side effect. ## Footnote Examples of such medications include amiodarone and methotrexate.
168
True or False: Pneumonitis is typically caused by infections.
False ## Footnote Pneumonitis is typically non-infectious in nature.
169
What distinguishes pneumonitis from pneumonia?
The distinction lies in the cause of inflammation: pneumonitis is caused by chemical/pollutant exposure rather than infections. ## Footnote Infections like pneumonia are caused by microorganisms.
170
Fill in the blank: In chemical pneumonitis, inflammation is a direct result of inhaling _______.
[toxic substances] ## Footnote Examples include fumes, smoke, and industrial chemicals.
171
What type of reaction drives hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
An immune system reaction to inhaled organic particles. ## Footnote This reaction is not caused by microorganisms.
172
What mechanism leads to lung injury in chemical pneumonitis?
Direct damage from the chemicals themselves. ## Footnote This can lead to inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage.
173
How does the immune response in microbiological infections differ from that in pneumonitis?
In microbiological infections, inflammation is due to the invasion of pathogens into lung tissue. ## Footnote In pneumonitis, inflammation is a response to non-infectious stimuli.
174
What occurs during Aspiration Pneumonitis?
Inhalation of food, liquid, or vomit into the lungs causing an inflammatory response ## Footnote It is chemical in nature due to irritation from gastric acid or food particles, not an infection.
175
What is Amiodarone-induced Pneumonitis?
A side effect of the drug amiodarone that causes lung tissue inflammation leading to respiratory symptoms ## Footnote Symptoms include shortness of breath and dry cough.
176
What can cause chemical pneumonitis in an industrial setting?
Inhalation of toxic gases like chlorine or phosgene ## Footnote These gases directly damage lung tissue.
177
What is the primary cause of Pneumonitis?
Non-infectious exposure to chemicals, drugs, or particulates ## Footnote This contrasts with pneumonia, which is caused by infectious agents.
178
What type of onset is typical for Pneumonitis?
Gradual onset following exposure to irritants or chemicals ## Footnote This differs from pneumonia, which often has a sudden onset.
179
What are common causative agents of Pneumonitis?
Chemicals, drugs, allergens, or radiation ## Footnote Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
180
How does inflammation in Pneumonitis differ from that in Pneumonia?
Pneumonitis involves inflammation due to toxic irritation or immune reaction, while pneumonia is due to infection and immune response ## Footnote The mechanisms behind inflammation are fundamentally different.
181
What is the typical treatment for Pneumonitis?
Removal of irritant, corticosteroids (in some cases), supportive care ## Footnote Treatment varies from pneumonia, which may require antibiotics or antivirals.
182
Fill in the blank: Pneumonia is caused by _______.
[bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens]
183
True or False: Pneumonitis is primarily caused by infectious agents.
False
184
What type of organism is Pneumocystis jirovecii?
Fungus ## Footnote Once misclassified as a protozoan due to its appearance.
185
Is Pneumocystis jirovecii obligate or facultative?
Obligate (or strict) ## Footnote It lives within cells and does not grow freely in the environment.
186
Where does Pneumocystis jirovecii live in the human body?
Lungs ## Footnote It is an intracellular organism.
187
What is Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?
A type of interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii ## Footnote It leads to significant breathing difficulties.
188
Who is primarily at risk for developing PCP?
Immunocompromised individuals ## Footnote PCP is rare in healthy individuals.
189
What is a common risk factor for PCP in people with HIV/AIDS?
CD4 count below 200 cells/µL ## Footnote This is a measure of immune function.
190
Which group of patients is at risk for PCP due to chemotherapy?
Cancer patients ## Footnote Chemotherapy suppresses the immune system.
191
What type of drugs do organ transplant recipients take that increases their risk for PCP?
Immunosuppressive drugs ## Footnote These drugs are used to prevent organ rejection.
192
What are some other conditions that can lead to immunocompromised states?
* Autoimmune diseases * Severe malnutrition * Chronic steroid use ## Footnote These conditions increase susceptibility to PCP.
193
How is Pneumocystis jirovecii believed to be transmitted?
Through airborne particles ## Footnote It can be part of the normal microbiome in healthy individuals.
194
When are most people thought to be exposed to Pneumocystis jirovecii?
During childhood ## Footnote Healthy immune systems control it, preventing illness.
195
Fill in the blank: In immunocompromised individuals, the immune system cannot control Pneumocystis jirovecii, leading to an overgrowth and the development of _______.
PCP
196
What is the most common bacterial cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
Streptococcus pneumoniae ## Footnote Other common bacteria include *Haemophilus influenzae*, *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*, and *Chlamydia pneumoniae*.
197
Name three common viral pathogens that can cause community-acquired pneumonia.
*Influenza* *Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)* *Adenovirus* ## Footnote These viruses are frequent culprits in CAP cases.
198
What types of fungi can cause CAP in immunocompromised individuals?
*Histoplasma* *Coccidioides* ## Footnote Fungal infections are particularly a risk for those with weakened immune systems.
199
What are atypical pathogens in the context of CAP?
Pathogens such as *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* and *Legionella pneumophila* ## Footnote They do not present with typical bacterial pneumonia symptoms and are harder to diagnose through standard methods.
200
List four risk factors for developing community-acquired pneumonia.
*Smoking* *Chronic lung diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD)* *Weakened immune systems (e.g., due to HIV, cancer treatment)* *Older age or very young children* ## Footnote Environmental exposure, such as crowded places, is also a risk factor.
201
What are common symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia?
*Fever* *Chills* *Cough (usually productive)* *Chest pain (pleuritic)* *Shortness of breath* *Fatigue* *Sputum production (yellow/green or sometimes blood-tinged)* ## Footnote These symptoms can vary in severity.
202
What role does chest X-ray play in diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia?
It often shows lobar consolidation or bronchopneumonia ## Footnote Lobar consolidation refers to dense, localized infiltrates, while bronchopneumonia shows patchy infiltrates.
203
What diagnostic tests are used to identify the pathogen causing CAP?
*Sputum culture* *Blood cultures* *PCR tests for viruses or atypical bacteria* ## Footnote These tests help determine the specific bacterial or viral pathogen involved.
204
True or False: Symptoms of atypical pneumonia are similar to those of typical bacterial pneumonia.
False ## Footnote Atypical pneumonia often presents with different symptoms than typical bacterial pneumonia.
205
Fill in the blank: Chronic lung diseases, such as _______ and _______ are risk factors for CAP.
[asthma], [COPD] ## Footnote Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic lung disease that increases risk.
206
What is a common symptom of community-acquired pneumonia that involves the respiratory system?
Cough ## Footnote The cough is usually productive, meaning it produces sputum.
207
What type of pneumonia is acquired from the community?
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) ## Footnote Acquired from outside hospital settings.
208
What are the common causes of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or atypical pathogens ## Footnote These pathogens can vary based on age and health status.
209
What is the typical onset of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
Typically sudden or gradual in the community setting ## Footnote The onset can depend on the specific pathogen involved.
210
What is the treatment for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
Antibiotics (for bacterial), antivirals, supportive care ## Footnote Treatment varies based on the causative organism.
211
What type of pneumonia is often associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria?
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) ## Footnote Commonly develops in hospital settings.
212
What is a common cause of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?
Multidrug-resistant bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MRSA, Enterobacter ## Footnote These bacteria are often resistant to standard treatments.
213
When does Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) typically develop?
After being hospitalized for 48 hours or more ## Footnote This distinguishes HAP from other types of pneumonia.
214
What is the treatment for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?
Broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting resistant organisms ## Footnote Treatment needs to be aggressive due to resistance.
215
What type of pneumonia develops in patients on mechanical ventilation?
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) ## Footnote This occurs in ICU settings.
216
What are common causes of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?
Gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), MRSA, Acinetobacter ## Footnote These organisms are frequently isolated in VAP cases.
217
When does Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) typically develop?
After 48 hours of mechanical ventilation ## Footnote Early onset VAP may occur within 48 hours but is less common.
218
What is the treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?
Aggressive antibiotics targeting resistant organisms, often broad-spectrum ## Footnote Treatment is critical due to the severity of the condition.
219
What type of pneumonia is associated with aspiration of food, liquids, or vomit?
Aspiration Pneumonia ## Footnote It can occur in various patient populations, especially those with swallowing difficulties.
220
What are common causes of Aspiration Pneumonia?
Oral bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus, Anaerobes) ## Footnote These bacteria are part of the oral flora.
221
When can Aspiration Pneumonia develop?
Can develop rapidly following aspiration ## Footnote The timeline can vary depending on the volume and type of aspirated material.
222
What is the treatment for Aspiration Pneumonia?
Antibiotics that target anaerobes (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate), supportive care ## Footnote Supportive care may include oxygen therapy and hydration.
223
What is the most common microorganism causing hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?
Gram-Negative Bacteria ## Footnote Includes pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli.
224
What is a highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant pathogen often causing severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ## Footnote Thrives in moist environments such as respirators and catheters.
225
What type of bacteria is Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lactose-fermenting bacterium ## Footnote Part of the Enterobacteriaceae family and can cause necrotizing pneumonia.
226
What type of enzymes do Klebsiella pneumoniae produce that contribute to antibiotic resistance?
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) ## Footnote These enzymes make Klebsiella resistant to many antibiotics.
227
True or False: Virulent strains of Escherichia coli can cause pneumonia in hospital settings.
True ## Footnote Especially in patients who have had abdominal surgery or are on ventilators.
228
What is the major concern in hospitals associated with severe pneumonia?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ## Footnote Resistant to methicillin and many other antibiotics.
229
Which bacterium is the most common pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia but can also cause hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae ## Footnote Particularly in patients with weakened immune systems or those who have undergone surgery.
230
What type of bacteria is commonly involved in aspiration pneumonia in hospitals?
Anaerobic bacteria ## Footnote Includes Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Peptostreptococcus.
231
Fill in the blank: In some cases, _______ like Candida and Aspergillus can cause pneumonia in hospitalized patients.
fungi ## Footnote Particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
232
What viral infections can complicate pneumonia in hospitalized individuals during flu season?
Influenza and Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) ## Footnote These can increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections.
233
What is the Gram stain characteristic of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Gram-Positive ## Footnote It stains purple due to its thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
234
What type of hemolysis does Streptococcus pneumoniae exhibit on blood agar?
Alpha-Hemolytic ## Footnote It produces partial hemolysis, resulting in greenish discoloration.
235
What is the role of the polysaccharide capsule in Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Helps evade the immune response ## Footnote It particularly aids in avoiding phagocytosis by macrophages.
236
Is Streptococcus pneumoniae catalase-positive or catalase-negative?
Catalase-Negative ## Footnote This characteristic differentiates it from staphylococci.
237
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults?
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) ## Footnote Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major pathogen responsible.
238
What serious infection of the meninges is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Meningitis ## Footnote This can lead to neurological damage or death.
239
What is otitis media?
Middle ear infection ## Footnote It is especially common in children and caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
240
What type of infection is sinusitis?
Infection of the sinuses ## Footnote It can lead to sinus pressure and headache.
241
What is bacteremia?
Bloodstream infection ## Footnote Often seen in severe cases of pneumonia or meningitis.
242
How does smoking affect the risk of pneumococcal pneumonia?
Increases risk due to ciliary dysfunction, impaired immune response, and increased bacterial colonization ## Footnote Smoking damages the cilia, reduces immune cell activity, and raises colonization rates.
243
What are some examples of immunocompromised individuals at higher risk for severe pneumococcal infections?
Patients with HIV, cancer, organ transplants, or receiving immunosuppressive treatments ## Footnote Their immune systems are less able to fight off infections.
244
What is one consequence of pneumococcal infections in immunocompromised individuals?
Higher risk of bacteremia and meningitis ## Footnote These infections can be more severe and spread to the bloodstream and central nervous system.
245
What is a significant risk factor for pneumococcal infections in older adults?
Declining immune function with age ## Footnote This includes reduced T-cell activity and immunoglobulin production.
246
What chronic diseases are common in the elderly that increase their risk for pneumococcal infections?
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Diabetes * Heart disease * Asthma ## Footnote These conditions make the lungs more susceptible to infection.
247
What happens to the respiratory tract's ability to clear bacteria as people age?
It becomes less efficient ## Footnote This increases the chances of pneumonia.
248
True or False: Older adults tend to develop less severe pneumonia.
False ## Footnote They tend to develop more severe and complicated pneumonia.
249
What is Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD)?
Cases where the bacteria invade sterile sites like the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or other tissues. ## Footnote It includes serious conditions such as bacteremia, pneumococcal meningitis, and pneumococcal endocarditis.
250
What are the three types of conditions included in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease?
* Bacteremia * Pneumococcal meningitis * Pneumococcal endocarditis ## Footnote These conditions involve serious infections affecting sterile sites.
251
What is Bacteremia?
Bacterial infection in the blood. ## Footnote It is a serious condition that falls under Invasive Pneumococcal Disease.
252
What is Pneumococcal meningitis?
Infection of the meninges. ## Footnote This condition is part of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and can lead to severe complications.
253
What is Pneumococcal endocarditis?
Infection of the heart valves. ## Footnote This is another serious manifestation of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease.
254
What is Non-invasive Pneumococcal Disease?
Diseases like otitis media, sinusitis, and non-bacteremic pneumonia where bacteria do not invade deeper tissues. ## Footnote These conditions are localized infections in the respiratory system.
255
Name three examples of Non-invasive Pneumococcal Disease.
* Otitis media * Sinusitis * Non-bacteremic pneumonia ## Footnote These diseases are less severe compared to invasive forms.
256
CAP - Community Acquired
257
258
What is the difference between acute and chronic pneumonia?
Acute pneumonia has a sudden onset, while chronic pneumonia develops gradually over time. ## Footnote Acute pneumonia typically presents with more severe symptoms that appear quickly.
259
What are the types of pneumonia based on community acquisition?
Typical and atypical pneumonia. ## Footnote Typical pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria, while atypical pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens including viruses.
260
Name a common pathogen responsible for typical pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae. ## Footnote This bacterium is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia.
261
List some pathogens associated with atypical pneumonia.
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae * Legionella pneumonia * Chlamydophila pneumonia * Chlamydia psittaci * Viruses ## Footnote Atypical pneumonia often presents with milder symptoms and can be caused by a variety of pathogens.
262
What is hospital-associated pneumonia?
Pneumonia that occurs in patients hospitalized for other conditions, including ventilator-associated pneumonia. ## Footnote Hospital-associated pneumonia is often caused by more resistant organisms.
263
What is aspiration pneumonia?
Pneumonia that occurs when food, liquid, or vomit is inhaled into the lungs. ## Footnote Aspiration pneumonia can lead to severe respiratory complications.
264
Who is at risk for pneumonia in immunosuppressed or special populations?
Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or on immunosuppressive therapy. ## Footnote These populations are at higher risk for opportunistic infections.
265
Name some pathogens that can cause pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients.
* Pneumocystis jiroveci * Aspergillus species * Endemic mycoses mycobacterium tuberculosis non-tuberculous mycobacteria ## Footnote These pathogens can lead to serious infections in immunocompromised individuals.
266
What is the significance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pneumonia?
It is a cause of pneumonia, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or in certain geographic areas. ## Footnote Tuberculosis can present as a chronic pneumonia and requires specific treatment.
267
True or False: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria can cause pneumonia.
True. ## Footnote Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are increasingly recognized as pathogens in lung disease, especially in patients with underlying lung conditions.
268
Causes of pneumonia - bacterial
. Strep pneumoniae, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Staphylococcus
269
causes of pneumonia non-bacterial
Viruses inc. SARS-CoV2, Influenza Mycobacteria Fungi
270
all causes of pneumonia
Viruses inc. SARS-CoV2, Influenza Bacteria inc. Strep pneumoniae, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Staphylococcus Mycobacteria Fungi
271
E-Coli Pseudomonas Klebsiellae are all...
Gram negatives
272
staph aureus is usuallt
post operative, or nosocomial Immunocompromised
273

Respiratory (9 decks)

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