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Infections Associated with Animals and Insects Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for anthrax?

A

Bacillus antracis

  • An endospore forming gram positive rod
  • Aerobic or aerotolerant
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2
Q

Anthrax is enzootic - what does that mean?

A

Endemic to a population of animals with a prevalence that is stable over time

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3
Q

Is bacillus anthracis contagious between individuals?

A

No

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4
Q

Who can be exposed to anthrax?

A

Those that are exposed to hides and working as a butcher or live on a farm

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5
Q

What are the infectious component of anthrax?

A

The spores!

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6
Q

How are the spores transmitted?

A

Can be inhaled, inoculated through damaged skin, or oral ingestion of undercooked meats from infected animals

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7
Q

What are the three forms of disease manifestation of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous
Inhalational
Gastrointestinal

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8
Q

What is the most common form of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous

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9
Q

What is the most deadly form of anthrax?

A

Inhalational

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10
Q

What does cutaneous anthrax present as?

A

A small sore that develops into a blister that soon ulcerates with a black necrotic center

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11
Q

How do you treat cutaneous anthrax?

A

Ciprofloxacin or combo therapy

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12
Q

What is Woolsorter’s disease?

A

Inhalational anthrax

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inhalational anthrax?

A
  • Symptoms arise 1-6 weeks after exposure

- Common flulike sx followed by wheezing, cyanosis, shock, and severe edema

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14
Q

What does the chest XR/CT scan show for those infected with inhalational anthrax?

A
  • A widened mediastinum
  • Pleural effusions
  • Infiltrates
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15
Q

What is the prophylaxis for inhalational anthrax?

A
  • Post-exposure cipro or doxy if you are concerned

- There is also a vaccine for high-risk occupations

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16
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?

A
  • Nausea, anorexia, fever followed by abd pain, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • GI lesions ulcerate resulting in hematemesis or melena (coffee-ground stools)
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17
Q

How do you identify anthrax?

A

Isolation of the organism or spores via gram stain of fluid

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18
Q

How long should post-exposure prophylaxis continue?

A

60 days

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19
Q

Where in the US is dengue endemic?

A

Texas, Puerto Rico

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20
Q

What is the leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics?

A

Dengue

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of dengue fever?

A
  • Begin 4-7 days after mosquito bite; typically last 3-10 days
  • Fever, muscle, and joint pain (“breakbone fever”) and a characteristic rash
  • Can lead to hemorrhaging
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22
Q

What is the pathogen associated with dengue?

A

A vector borne flavivirus transmitted through bite of the Aedes mosquito

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23
Q

What is the treatment for dengue?

A

Volume support

Blood products

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24
Q

What does the rash that accompanies dengue fever look like?

A

Measles like, sparing the palms and soles

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25
Who is more likely to get dengue hemorrhagic fever?
-Those than have had a prior infection with a different strain or dengue previously
26
What is subacute regional lymphadenitis also called?
Cat scratch fever!
27
What is the pathogen that causes cat scratch fever?
Bartonella henselae
28
What is bartonella henselae?
A gram negative rod transmitted by scratch or bite from a kitten/cat
29
What are the signs and symptoms of cat scratch fever?
- Papule at the site of inoculation after which a solitary or regional lymphadenopathy (often epitrochlear) appears - Fever, H/A, and malaise may occur
30
What is the treatment for cat scratch fever?
No tx required unless disseminated
31
What can cat scratch fever be confused with?
A local cat bite infection caused by pasteurella multocida. This is a localized cellulitis that is treated with antibiotics.
32
What is the pathogen responsible for tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
33
How is tularemia contracted?
Acquired by humans through contact with animal tissues or tick/insect bite (deer fly) or by drinking contaminated water -Can also be transmitted via aerosol
34
What are the signs/symptoms of the various modes of transmission of tularemia?
- Local exposure causes papule at the site of inoculation (skin or eye); fever, anorexia, lethargy, regional lymphadenopathy - Inhaled aerosols can cause transmission between individuals; can cause pneumonia or inhalation with hematogenous spread - Enteric form occurs with ingestion, splenomegaly, stupor, and delirium
35
When considering cutaneous tularemia, what else should be on your differential!
Anthrax! But the lesion w tularemia doesn't have a black necrotic center so characteristic of anthrax
36
How do you diagnose tularemia?
-Serologically
37
How do you treat tularemia?
-Streptomycin or a tetracycline
38
How do you prevent tularemia?
-Don't mow over dead animals
39
What is the pathogen responsible for plague?
The gram negative rod, yersinia pestis
40
How is the plague transmitted?
By flea bites or through contact with infected animals (rodents)
41
Where is the plague endemic in the US?
California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico
42
Why was the plague called the "bubonic plague"?
The plague carried bacteria that entered lymphatics creating an inflammation that expanded the lymph nodes into "buboes"
43
What are the signs and symptoms of the pneumonic plague?
- Infects the lungs and is transmissible | - HA, hempotysis, hematemesis, weakness
44
What are the signs/symptoms of the septicemic plague?
- Endotoxins cause DIC and ischemic necrosis | - Symptoms may appear on the same day as death; highly fatal without early treatment
45
What are the signs/symptoms of the meningeal plague?
- Bacteria crosses the blood brain barrier resulting in meningitis - Usually secondary to another form of plague
46
How do you treat plague?
Streptomycin, gentamicin, or doxycycline | -Strict respiratory isolation
47
What pathogen is associated with the more severe form of malaria?
Plasmodium falciforum
48
How is malaria transmitted?
By the bite of the infected anopheline mosquitoes
49
What is the "classic malarial attack"?
- About 6-10 hours - Includes a "cold" stage (rigors), a "hot" stage (fevers, HA, vomiting), and a "sweating" stage (sweats, return to afebrile state, fatigue)
50
What are other signs/symptoms of malaria?
-Myalgias, nausea, chest pain, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, jaundice, splenomegaly, anemia
51
When does malaria become severe?
- When it is complicated by organ failure - Results in severe hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria, acute respiratory distress syndrome, altered coagulation, acute kidney failure, or altered metabolism
52
How do you diagnose malaria?
- Giemsa-stained blood smears (thick and thin) | - Some serologic tests
53
What stage do antimalarial drugs act against?
The erythrocyte stage
54
What is used as the primary antimalarial agent?
Chloroquine and quinine
55
What is the pathogen responsible for toxoplasmosis?
An obligate intracellular protozoan, toxoplasma gondii
56
What animals are largely responsible for spreading toxoplasmosis?
Cats, some species of birds and animals
57
How is toxoplasmosis contracted?
- Ingestion of parasitic cysts in raw or undercooked meats - Ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal material from cats - Transplacental transmission - Fecal-oral transmission
58
What are the primary ways americans get toxoplasmosis?
Trans-placental and fecal-oral transmission
59
What does the primary infection of toxoplasmosis look like?
- May be completely asymptomatic; only 10-20% present with a mild mono-like illness - Fever, nontender cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
60
Who gets reactivated toxoplasmosis?
Immunocompromised patients (those with AIDS, cancer, on immunosuppressive drugs)
61
How does reactivated toxoplasmosis present?
Encephalitis with necrotizing brain lesions Fever, HA AMS, focal neurologic sx
62
What does reactivated toxoplasmosis look like on CT?
"Ring enhancing lesions"
63
What is the result of congenital infection of toxoplasmosis?
Miscarriage, stillbirths, and severe neurologic disease in the newborn Neurologic disorders, developemental issues, and necrotizing retinitis if contracted later on in preganancy
64
How do you prevent congential toxoplasmosis?
Don't clean out the litter box when you are preggers

Infectious Disease (8 decks)

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