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Infectious Disease > Infections Associated with Animals and Insects > Flashcards

Infections Associated with Animals and Insects Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for anthrax?

A

Bacillus antracis

  • An endospore forming gram positive rod
  • Aerobic or aerotolerant
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2
Q

Anthrax is enzootic - what does that mean?

A

Endemic to a population of animals with a prevalence that is stable over time

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3
Q

Is bacillus anthracis contagious between individuals?

A

No

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4
Q

Who can be exposed to anthrax?

A

Those that are exposed to hides and working as a butcher or live on a farm

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5
Q

What are the infectious component of anthrax?

A

The spores!

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6
Q

How are the spores transmitted?

A

Can be inhaled, inoculated through damaged skin, or oral ingestion of undercooked meats from infected animals

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7
Q

What are the three forms of disease manifestation of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous
Inhalational
Gastrointestinal

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8
Q

What is the most common form of anthrax?

A

Cutaneous

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9
Q

What is the most deadly form of anthrax?

A

Inhalational

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10
Q

What does cutaneous anthrax present as?

A

A small sore that develops into a blister that soon ulcerates with a black necrotic center

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11
Q

How do you treat cutaneous anthrax?

A

Ciprofloxacin or combo therapy

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12
Q

What is Woolsorter’s disease?

A

Inhalational anthrax

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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of inhalational anthrax?

A
  • Symptoms arise 1-6 weeks after exposure

- Common flulike sx followed by wheezing, cyanosis, shock, and severe edema

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14
Q

What does the chest XR/CT scan show for those infected with inhalational anthrax?

A
  • A widened mediastinum
  • Pleural effusions
  • Infiltrates
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15
Q

What is the prophylaxis for inhalational anthrax?

A
  • Post-exposure cipro or doxy if you are concerned

- There is also a vaccine for high-risk occupations

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16
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax?

A
  • Nausea, anorexia, fever followed by abd pain, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • GI lesions ulcerate resulting in hematemesis or melena (coffee-ground stools)
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17
Q

How do you identify anthrax?

A

Isolation of the organism or spores via gram stain of fluid

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18
Q

How long should post-exposure prophylaxis continue?

A

60 days

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19
Q

Where in the US is dengue endemic?

A

Texas, Puerto Rico

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20
Q

What is the leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics?

A

Dengue

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of dengue fever?

A
  • Begin 4-7 days after mosquito bite; typically last 3-10 days
  • Fever, muscle, and joint pain (“breakbone fever”) and a characteristic rash
  • Can lead to hemorrhaging
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22
Q

What is the pathogen associated with dengue?

A

A vector borne flavivirus transmitted through bite of the Aedes mosquito

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23
Q

What is the treatment for dengue?

A

Volume support

Blood products

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24
Q

What does the rash that accompanies dengue fever look like?

A

Measles like, sparing the palms and soles

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25
Q

Who is more likely to get dengue hemorrhagic fever?

A

-Those than have had a prior infection with a different strain or dengue previously

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26
Q

What is subacute regional lymphadenitis also called?

A

Cat scratch fever!

27
Q

What is the pathogen that causes cat scratch fever?

A

Bartonella henselae

28
Q

What is bartonella henselae?

A

A gram negative rod transmitted by scratch or bite from a kitten/cat

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cat scratch fever?

A
  • Papule at the site of inoculation after which a solitary or regional lymphadenopathy (often epitrochlear) appears
  • Fever, H/A, and malaise may occur
30
Q

What is the treatment for cat scratch fever?

A

No tx required unless disseminated

31
Q

What can cat scratch fever be confused with?

A

A local cat bite infection caused by pasteurella multocida. This is a localized cellulitis that is treated with antibiotics.

32
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

33
Q

How is tularemia contracted?

A

Acquired by humans through contact with animal tissues or tick/insect bite (deer fly) or by drinking contaminated water
-Can also be transmitted via aerosol

34
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of the various modes of transmission of tularemia?

A
  • Local exposure causes papule at the site of inoculation (skin or eye); fever, anorexia, lethargy, regional lymphadenopathy
  • Inhaled aerosols can cause transmission between individuals; can cause pneumonia or inhalation with hematogenous spread
  • Enteric form occurs with ingestion, splenomegaly, stupor, and delirium
35
Q

When considering cutaneous tularemia, what else should be on your differential!

A

Anthrax! But the lesion w tularemia doesn’t have a black necrotic center so characteristic of anthrax

36
Q

How do you diagnose tularemia?

A

-Serologically

37
Q

How do you treat tularemia?

A

-Streptomycin or a tetracycline

38
Q

How do you prevent tularemia?

A

-Don’t mow over dead animals

39
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for plague?

A

The gram negative rod, yersinia pestis

40
Q

How is the plague transmitted?

A

By flea bites or through contact with infected animals (rodents)

41
Q

Where is the plague endemic in the US?

A

California, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico

42
Q

Why was the plague called the “bubonic plague”?

A

The plague carried bacteria that entered lymphatics creating an inflammation that expanded the lymph nodes into “buboes”

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of the pneumonic plague?

A
  • Infects the lungs and is transmissible

- HA, hempotysis, hematemesis, weakness

44
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of the septicemic plague?

A
  • Endotoxins cause DIC and ischemic necrosis

- Symptoms may appear on the same day as death; highly fatal without early treatment

45
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of the meningeal plague?

A
  • Bacteria crosses the blood brain barrier resulting in meningitis
  • Usually secondary to another form of plague
46
Q

How do you treat plague?

A

Streptomycin, gentamicin, or doxycycline

-Strict respiratory isolation

47
Q

What pathogen is associated with the more severe form of malaria?

A

Plasmodium falciforum

48
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

By the bite of the infected anopheline mosquitoes

49
Q

What is the “classic malarial attack”?

A
  • About 6-10 hours
  • Includes a “cold” stage (rigors), a “hot” stage (fevers, HA, vomiting), and a “sweating” stage (sweats, return to afebrile state, fatigue)
50
Q

What are other signs/symptoms of malaria?

A

-Myalgias, nausea, chest pain, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, jaundice, splenomegaly, anemia

51
Q

When does malaria become severe?

A
  • When it is complicated by organ failure
  • Results in severe hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria, acute respiratory distress syndrome, altered coagulation, acute kidney failure, or altered metabolism
52
Q

How do you diagnose malaria?

A
  • Giemsa-stained blood smears (thick and thin)

- Some serologic tests

53
Q

What stage do antimalarial drugs act against?

A

The erythrocyte stage

54
Q

What is used as the primary antimalarial agent?

A

Chloroquine and quinine

55
Q

What is the pathogen responsible for toxoplasmosis?

A

An obligate intracellular protozoan, toxoplasma gondii

56
Q

What animals are largely responsible for spreading toxoplasmosis?

A

Cats, some species of birds and animals

57
Q

How is toxoplasmosis contracted?

A
  • Ingestion of parasitic cysts in raw or undercooked meats
  • Ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal material from cats
  • Transplacental transmission
  • Fecal-oral transmission
58
Q

What are the primary ways americans get toxoplasmosis?

A

Trans-placental and fecal-oral transmission

59
Q

What does the primary infection of toxoplasmosis look like?

A
  • May be completely asymptomatic; only 10-20% present with a mild mono-like illness
  • Fever, nontender cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
60
Q

Who gets reactivated toxoplasmosis?

A

Immunocompromised patients (those with AIDS, cancer, on immunosuppressive drugs)

61
Q

How does reactivated toxoplasmosis present?

A

Encephalitis with necrotizing brain lesions
Fever, HA
AMS, focal neurologic sx

62
Q

What does reactivated toxoplasmosis look like on CT?

A

“Ring enhancing lesions”

63
Q

What is the result of congenital infection of toxoplasmosis?

A

Miscarriage, stillbirths, and severe neurologic disease in the newborn
Neurologic disorders, developemental issues, and necrotizing retinitis if contracted later on in preganancy

64
Q

How do you prevent congential toxoplasmosis?

A

Don’t clean out the litter box when you are preggers

Infectious Disease (8 decks)

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