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Infections 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Example of bacterial infection caused by bacteria

A

E. Coli and streptococcus

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2
Q

Viral infections caused by viruses such as

A

HIV, influenza

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3
Q

Fungal infections caused by fungi such as

A

Candida and aspergillus
Can cause alethle foot

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4
Q

How are infections transmitted

A
  • droplets
  • vectors
  • transmission
  • contact
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5
Q

Concerning infections

A
  • pneumonia = develop issues with breathing
  • meningitis
  • renal infections
  • SEPSIS = life-threatening. Affects whole body system. Symptoms: confusion, temp up, respiratory rate changes: shortness of breath
  • tropical and unknown
  • MRSA
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6
Q

NNT

A

Number needed to treat

NNT 15 = 1 person to have benefit out of 15

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7
Q

NNH

A

Number needed to harm

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8
Q

Examples of upper respiratory tract infections

A
  • sinusitis
  • tonsillitis/ pharyngitis
  • colds
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9
Q

Symptoms of sinusitis

A

Pain in cheeks, congestion, coloured discharge, reduced smell

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10
Q

Treatment for sinusitis

A

Fluids, decongestants, painkillers, Abx - if needed

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11
Q

Symptoms of tonsillitis/pharyngitis

A

Painful throat, dysphagia, temperature, swollen tonsils, redness

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12
Q

Treatment for tonsillitis/ pharyngitis

A

Lozenges, sprays, Abx - phenoxy, self care

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13
Q

Symptoms for cold

A

Runny nose, headache, congestion

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14
Q

Treatment for cold

A

Antipyretic, decongestants, rest, fluids

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15
Q

Examples of lower respiratory tract infection

A
  • pneumonia - CA/HA
  • bronchitis
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16
Q

Symptoms for bronchitis

A

Coughing, thick phlegm, fever, wheezing, exhaustion

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17
Q

Treatment for bronchitis

A

Inhalation, NSAID’s, fluis

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18
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia- CA/HA

A

Dyspnoea, tachypnea, confusion
CURB65 - risk calculation (with SEPSIS as well)
Confusion, blood urea nitrogen levels RR>30
Systolic blood pressure below 90 or diastolic below 60
Age > 65 = vaccine given to prevent infection

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19
Q

Treatment for pneumonia CA/HA

A

CURB - 0: stay at home
1-2: referral
3: emergency, oral or IV antibiotics

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20
Q

Upper urinary tract in infection

A

Complicated - with blood in urine

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21
Q

Symptoms of upper urinary tract infection

A

Kidney to bladder (pyelonephritis)
Symptoms can be painful especially in suprapubic locations, dysuria, frequency, temperature, weak, tired, sick

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22
Q

Treatment for upper urinary infection

A

Consider Abx- amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav with more than just cloudy or odorous urine
Selfcare tips

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23
Q

Lower urinary tract infections

A

Uncomplicated with no co-morbidities

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24
Q

Symptoms for lower urinary tract infection

A

Cystitis
Urethritis
Female more susceptible
Dull ache
Urgency to pee
Coloured urine
Can smell
Back pain
= identified by dipstick

25
Treatment for lower urinary tract infection
Clear themselves But can develop to UUTI Abx Nitrofurantoin Trimethoprim can be used when more severe 3-7 days Cab be complicated in man and therefore needs a longer treatment Self care tips
26
Examples of skin infections
- impetigo: around nostril - cellulitis: swelling - abscesses: infection of spot/soft tissue
27
Symptoms of impetigo
Usually in children Purulent lesions Yellow crusting
28
Treatment for impetigo
Topical fusidic acid Fluclox for more extensive treatment
29
Symptoms of cellulitis
Common admission Heat Erythema Tenderness
30
Treatment for cellulitis
IV Abx
31
Symptoms of abscesses
Raised lesion Can be found in many places Infection under skin
32
Treatment for abscesses
May need draining Use of Abx
33
Secondary infections
- treatment to one illness results in infection - opportunistic pathogens - weakened immune response Always consider as red flags
34
Examples of secondary infection
- pneumonia after influenza - sepsis after skin infection
35
Penicillin - 3 types
1. Amoxicillin - broad spectrum 2. Flucloacillin 3. Phenoxymethylpencillin Broad spectrum, commonly used E.g. for allergy
36
Adverse reaction of amoxicillin - broad spectrum
Diarrhoea
37
Adverse reaction of flucloxacillin
Hepatitis/ jaundice
38
Adverse reaction of phenoxymethypenicillin
Skin rash
39
What antibiotics is under Macrolides classes
Clarithromycin -> penicillin alternative Alternative dosing
40
Adverse reaction of clarithromycin
QT prolongation, interactions with statins
41
What antibiotics is under the quinolones class
Ciprofloxacin
42
Adverse reaction of ciprofloxation
Tendon rupture, reduces seizure threshold
43
What antibiotics is under tetracyclines class
Oxytetracycline -> tetracycline should be avoided with pregnancy
44
Adverse reaction with oxytetracycline
Tooth staining = as it binds with calcium
45
What antibiotics is under cephalosporin class
Cefalexin
46
Adverse reaction for cefalexin
Common side effects
47
What antibiotics are under metronidazole class
Anaerobes, dental, GI
48
Adverse reaction of anaerobes, GI, dental
Disulfram like reactions Metallic taste
49
Uses and ADR of clindamycin
- good for skin infections, anti-toxin activity - causes pseudomembranous colitis
50
Uses and ADR of trimethoprim
- used mostly for UTI in community - significant resistance in bacteria
51
Uses and ADR of nitrofurantoin
- UTIs, concentrates in urine - need adequate renal function for it to work
52
Uses and ADR of doxycycline
- used for exacerbation of COPD, used for respiratory infections - sunburn risk
53
Uses and ADR of vancomycin
- MRSA - red man syndrome rash
54
Antibiotic resistance
Due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics To prevent: proper usage and antibiotic stewardship : complete course + take it on time
55
Examples of risk for antibiotic resistance
- C-diff - MRSA - Klebsiella
56
Combating resistance for antibiotic resistance (to prevent it)
- narrow therapeutic drugs (challenging) - complete course - don’t misuse
57
Pharmacogenomics
Study of how your body would respond to medicines and prescribed accordingly by looking at person’s genetic material and its affect on growth, development and function
58
Prevention of infection
- washing your hands - keeping things sterile - avoid contact - pre-exposure prophylaxis (malaria) - practice good hygiene - taking things before the infection

Therapeutics (7 decks)

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