Infection, Response and Respiration Flashcards
What is a communicable disease?
Disease that can spread
The 4 pathogens
Virus
Protist
Bacteria
Fungi
What is produced by bacteria?
Toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill
2 Viral diseases for humans
Measles and HIV
What is HIV?
Flu-like illness spread by sexual conatct or transfer of bodily fluids
What are measles?
Fever and red skin rash symptoms
Can be fatal - must be vaccinated
Airborne
Viral disease in plants
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
What is Tobacco moasic virus?
Mosaic pattern on leaves
Affects the growth of plants because less photosynthesis
2 Bacterial diseases for humans
Salmonella food poisoning and Gonorrhoea
What is gonorrhoea?
STD with thick yellow or green discharge from penis when urinating
Controlled with antibiotic and barrier contraception
What is salmonella?
Spread through bacteria in food
Controlled by poultry being vaccinated
Fever, abdominal cramps and diarrhoea
Name a fungal disease
Rose black spot
What is rose black spot?
Spots develop on leaves, turn yellow and drop off
Affects growth because less photosynthesis
Spread by water and wind
Controlled with fungicides or removing dead leaves
Give a protist disease
Malaria
What is malaria
Episodes of fever and can be fatal
Controlled by stopping the vectors (mosquitos)
4 bodily defences to pathogens
Skin
Nose
Trachea and bronchi
Stomach
What do antibodies do?
Neutralise the pathogens
What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise toxins produced by harmful bacteria
What 2 things do white blood cells produce?
Antibodies and antitoxins
How does vaccination work?
Injection of dead forms of a pathogen to stimulate the production of antibodies
This is so that the body has the antibodies ready if the real pathogen enters
Example of an antibiotic
Penicillin
How do antibiotics work
They kill harmful bacteria
Specific antibiotics for specific bacteria
What are 2 problems with antibiotics
Resistant strains of bacteria can form and breed
Cannot kill viral pathogens
Where is digitalis derived from?
Foxgloves
Where is aspirin derived from?
Willow plant
How was penicillin discovered?
Alexander Flemming - Penicillium mould
What must happen with a drug before releasing it to the public?
Preclinical testing on cells and tissues and live animals
Clinical trials with very low dosage on healthy patients before testing further to find the right dosage
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Inject pathogen into a mouse
Let the mouse produce the specific antibodies
Combine these cells with cancer cells (because reproduce rapidly) to form hybridoma cells
Harvest JUST the antibodies (monoclonal antibodies)
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy test diagnosis
Detecting pathogens and chemicals in the body
Fighting disease and illness
Equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water —>(light)—> oxygen + glucose
What is C6H12O6
Glucose
Metabolism is …
The sum of all reactions in our body
If insufficient oxygen is supplied — takes place in muscles
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose from photosynthesis may be used for …
Respiration
Equation for anaerobic respiration in plants equation
Glucose —–> Ethanol + CO2
Why does heart rate increase during exercise
To provide muscles with more oxygenated blood
How can plant diseases be detected?
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of rot
Discolouration
Presence of pests
Give a viral disease for plants
Tobacco mosaic virus
Give a fungal disease for plants
Rose black spot
Nitrate ions are needed for…
Protein synthesis and therefore growth
Magnesium ions are needed for…
Making chlorophyll
Give 3 physical plant defence responses
Waxy cuticle on leaves
Dead cells around stems (bark)
Cellulose cell walls
Give 2 chemical plant defence responses
Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons
Give 2 mechanical adaptations for plants against disease
Mimicry to trick animals
Leaves that curl when touched
Hairs or thorns
