Cell Organisation Flashcards
What is a digestive enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up
In an enzyme, the ——— binds to the —— —-.
Substrate
Active site
The food test for sugar and the results
Benedict’s solution - Brick red
The food test for starch and the results
Iodine - Blue-black
The food test for proteins and the results
Biuret - Lilac-purple
The food tests for fats and the results
Ethanol - White emulsion
What breaks down starch
What breaks down fats
What breaks down proteins
Amylase
Lipase
Protease
What is starch broken down into
What are fats broken down into
What are proteins broken down into
Maltose
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Where is bile made?
Liver
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
Desrcibe the process of testing for the effect of ph on the rate of reaction of amylase
-pHs produced using buffer solutions
-Buffer solutions produce a particular pH, and will maintain it if other substances are added
-A series of test tubes containing a mixture of starch and amylase is set up at different pHs
-A sample is removed from the test tubes every 10 seconds to test for the presence of starch
-Results compared
Describe the journey blood takes around the body
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body, moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs. After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body’s tissues through the aorta
Why is it called a ‘double circulatory system’?
Blood passes through the heart twice in one circuit
Desrcibe the journey air takes in the body
Mouth and nose
Trachea
Two bronchi (one into each lung)
Bronchioles
Alveoli (gas exchange)
Two important muscles when breathing
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
What controls the resting heart rate and where is it located
Pacemaker
Right atrium
What is the function of arteries
Veins
And capillaries
Arteries carry blood away from your heart
Veins carry blood back toward your heart
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins
Describe the thickness of arteries, veins and capillaries
Thick and muscular
Thin
One cell thick
What do platelets do?
They help form blood clots
What do red blood cells do?
Contains hemaglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body
What do white blood cells do?
Defend against infections
Evaluate the use of statins (drug) to treat coronary heart disease
Reduce the risk of heart attacks but must be taken for life and isn’t suitable for people with liver disease
Evaluate a heart transplant to treat coronary heart disease
Can be life-saving but few donor hearts are available and there is a risk of rejection
Evaluate replacement heart valves to treat coronary heart disease
Less risky than a heart transplant and restore blood flow through the heart but the valves may wear out and blood clots can be caused
How do stents help coronary heart disease
They hold the coronary arteries open
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for …
Cancer
What is a risk factor
Something that increases the chance of getting ill
Give a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
Obesity
How does alcohol affect the brain
Acts as a depressant and slows functions
What is the name given to risk factors for cancer
Carcinogens
What is cancer?
The result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
What is the difference between benign tumours and malignant tumours?
Malignant tumours are cancers and invade neighbouring tissues, They spread throughout the body,
Benign tumours are contained within one area
Function of the epidermal tissue
A water-proof barrier
What cell is responsible for photosynthesis and how?
Palisade mesophyll - lots of chloroplasts in tightly packed cells
Function of the spongy mesophyll
Area of exchange of gases that are essential for photosynthesis
Temporary storage of sugars
Role of xylem
Transports water and mineral salts from roots through the plant
Role of phloem
Transports sucrose and amino acids from leaves to other parts of the plant
Role of stomata (underside of leaf)
Control water loss and gas exhange by opening and closing
How does temperature affect transpiration
Increased temperature means increased transpiration
How does air movement affect transpiration
Increased air movement means increased transpiration
How does humidity affect transpiration
Decreased humidity means increased transpiration
How does light intensity affect transpiration
Increased light intensity means increased transpiration
What is translocation?
The transport of dissolved material around a plant
What is transpiration?
Evaporation and movement of water away from the leaves
