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Infection & Response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of Health?

(As described by WHO)

A

Health is complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not only the absence of illness or infirmity

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2
Q

What is disease interaction?
Provide one example.

A

Disease interaction is when one disease causes/acts together to produce another disease

e.g1, an immune reaction to a pathogen can cause an allergy
e.g2, when a host is infected with HIV, this can often lead to AIDS, which can also lead to a person being more succeptible to other diseases because of a weakened immune system.

(any example is good)

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3
Q

What are the 3 variables used for testing drugs?

A
  • dosage
  • toxicity
  • efficacy

(efficacy - the ability to produce an intended result)

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4
Q

How does bacteria, protists, fungi and viruses make us ill?

A

bacteria - damage cells directly or produce toxins
protists - (many are parasites) that damage tissues
fungi - grow on/inside of host by penetrating tissues
viruses - cause cells to burst

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5
Q

What are the 6 ways communicable diseases spread?

A
  • Air
  • Direct Contact
  • Exchange of bodily fluids (like blood)
  • Oral
  • Vector
  • Contaminated Water
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6
Q

What are viruses?

(and examples)

A

Small, non-living, acellular pathogens. They invade hosts, multiply and cause cells to burst, which make animals (e.g, human beings) feel ill. Examples include measles, influenza, ebola and HIV.

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7
Q

Explain the two possible life cycle pathways of a virus.

A

Lysogenic: virus infects host through cells, but viral genes remain dormant. They then replicate by mitosis

Lyctic: virus infects hosts cells, cells burst/split open (this is called lysis) and releases more viruses.

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8
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

mass in kg
÷
height in metres²

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9
Q

What is malaria?

(Cause and damage, symptoms, spread)

A

Cause and damage: The protist parasite, pladmodium.
Symptoms: fever, weakness, sickness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting.
Spread: Through the vector of mosquito bites

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10
Q

What is HIV?

(Cause and damage, symptoms, spread)

A

Cause and damage: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It destroys white blood cells and weakens a person’s immune system. If not treated, this can later lead to AIDS.
Symptoms: (of acute HIV) fever, rash, weight loss. Through disease interaction, one may also experience vulnurability to other communicable diseases due to a weakened immune system
Spread: Exchange of bodily fluids.

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11
Q

Outline the process of Atherosclerosis

(3 steps)

A
  1. Damage to the blood vessle
  2. The lumen (gap in the artery) narrows. This is due to a growing plaque of fatty deposits.
  3. Blood, which carries oxygen is unable to flow due to a complete blockage of the artery through fatty deposits. This has now become a blood clot.
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12
Q

What health complications are linked with atherosclerosis?

|(can lead to and are caused by)

A

Put you at risk to atherosclerosis: High blood pressure/hypertension, insulin resistance, high cholestrol, obesity, diabetes.

Are caused as a result of atherosclerosis: Stroke, blood clot, heart faliure, heart attack, cardiac arrest, coronary heart/artery disease, peripheral artery disease.

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13
Q

What are the possible cures for atherosclerosis?

A

Stents, Statins, Coronary bypass surgery, heart transplant, and lifestyle changes.

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14
Q

Explain stents as a cure for atherosclerosis.

(How does it work, benefits, drawbacks)

A

How does it work: expands artery through an expandable, balloon-like tube in surgery.
Benefits: quick and effective for a long time. outpatient’s procedure.
Drawbacks: Invasive. Risk of a blood clot. Risk of infection. Risk of bleeding.
- stents can cause irritation in the artery, and over time can cause it to narrow again due to the buildup of scar tissue
- Drugs must be taken to reduce risk of blood clotting

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15
Q

Explain statins as a cure for atherosclerosis.

(How does it work, benefits, drawbacks)

A

How does it work: A drug that reduces blood cholestrol levels.
Benefits: Not invasive. Does not require risky surgery.
Drawbacks: Possible negative side effects of the drug

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16
Q

Explain Coronary Bypass Surgery:

(How does it work, benefits, drawbacks)

A

How does it work: a blood vessel is taken from another part of the body, and attaching it to the coronary artery above or below the narrowed area or blockage.
Benefits: improves blood flow and oxygen supply, reduces symptoms of atherosclerosis (e.g, shortness of breath, chest pain)
Drawbacks: Risk of infection and bleeding.

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17
Q

Explain heart transplants.

(How does it work, benefits, drawbacks)

A

How does it work: A patient’s chest is cut open, their heart is removed and a new, healthy heart is put in place.
Benefits: The patient has a chance of survival.
Drawbacks: Risk of bodily rejection. Immunosuppresents must be taken for the rest of the patient’s life. General risks of infection and bleeding due to it being a surgical procedure.

18
Q

What is fungi?

A

Eukaryotic, uni or multicellular organisms, with bodies made of hyphae (thread like structures) that can penetrate tissues like skin and the surface of plants. They produce spores, which can spread to plants and animals.

19
Q

What are the ideal conditions for bacteria to reproduce?

A

Where it is warm, moist and a good oxygen supply.

20
Q

What are the 4 ways we can prevent the spread of communicable diseases?

A
  • Isolation
  • Vaccination
  • Hygiene
  • Protection from vectors or decreace vectors
21
Q

What are the two categories of risk factors for disease?

A
  • substances (e.g, recreational drugs)
  • lifestyle (e.g, the activity levels of a person)
22
Q

What are the four non-specific defences against pathogens and what purpouse do they serve?

A
  • skin (slightly acidic so good bacteria grow to keep pathogens out)
  • tears (produce lysozome that kills bacteria)
  • mucus and cilia (traps pathogens from entering airway)
  • acidic stomach (hydrochloric acid destroys pathogens)
23
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanism’s of the immune system?

A
  • white blood cells release antibodies specific to the pathogen
  • antitoxins are released to neutralise the toxins that bacteria excrete
  • white blood cells undergo phagocytosis and engulfs and absorbs the pathogen by changing shape to destroy it.
24
Q

What is the role of the antibodies and white blood cells in the immune system?

A

White blood cells recognise foreign protiens (antigens) on the pathogen. They then release antibodies to target this specific pathogen. The antibodies released have a complimentary shape that the pathogen binds to. They then cluster together, and the white blood cells then ingest them.

25
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  1. The mouse is injected with the antigen
  2. The mouse’s immune system reacts and produces white blood cells (lymphocytes).
  3. The lymphocyctes are extracted from the mouse and react with mylomea (which are cancerous cells) to form hybridoma cells
  4. The hybridoma cells multiply and form a tumour, which produces the same specific antibody
  5. The monoclonal antibodies formed from the tumor can now be purified and used to target specific antigens.
26
Q

What are the side effects of monoclonal antibodies when used to treat disease?

A
  • vomiting
  • low blood pressure
  • fever
27
Q

How does vaccination work?

A
  1. An inactive or dead pathogen is injected into the patient’s body
  2. The patient’s immune system acts, white blood cells produce antibodies specific to the pathogen’s antigen.
  3. If the patient is ever exposed to the disease again, the white blood cells are now able to produce more antigens and quicker, due to the “memory lymphocytes”.
28
Q

What does nitrate deficiency look like in plants? And what causes it?

A
  • Lack of nitrate in the soil
  • stunned growth (nitrate helps produce protiens)
29
Q

What does magnesium deficiency look like in plants? And what causes it?

A
  • lack of magnesium in soil
  • chlorosis
  • yellowing leaves
  • lack of glucose, cannot photosynthesise well
30
Q

What are a plant’s physical defences against disease?

A
  • the waxy cuticle (barrier on surface of leaves)
  • cell wall (made of cellulose)
  • tree bark (made of dead cells)
31
Q

What is the structure of a virus particle?

A
  • protien coat (capsid)
  • DNA or RNA inside the cell
  • Sometimes has a lipid envelope formed by the host’s cell membrane
32
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

A

Cause: Virus infects the chloroplasts, changing it’s color to yellow or white
Symptoms: Yellow or white mosaic pattern on the plant
Spread: Direct Contact

33
Q

What is Measles?

A

Cause: Virus infects host.
Symptoms: Fever, skin rash, cough.
Spread: Airborne

34
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Cause: Bacteria in the salmonella genus infects host
Symptoms: abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
Spread: Contaminted food or water

35
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

Cause: The N. gonorrhoeae bacterium infects the mucous membranes of the host’s reproductive tract
Symptoms: Thick yellow or green discharge from genitals, pain when urinating, if lead untreated - infertility.
Spread: Exchange of bodily fluids

36
Q

What is Rose Black Spot?

A

Cause: The fungus diplocarpon rosae infects the leaves and reduces the plant vigor
Symptoms: black or purple spots on leaves, leaves may drop off or turn yellow
Spread: Contaminated water, Direct Contact

37
Q

What are the 4 stages of Drug Testing?

A
  1. Discovery (Synthesised in a lab or extracted from plants/nature)
  2. Pre-Clinical Testing (Carried out on cells, tissues, live animals)
  3. Small Clinical Testing (Small dosage given to healthy volunteers. Dosage incrementally increaces to find the optimum)
  4. Large Clinical Testing (Given to those suffering from the condition)
38
Q

Why is the production of monoclonal antibodies so expensive?

A
  • the process of producing them requires a lot of complex steps, many of which only qualified scientists will be able to do
  • they are protiens and so need to be refrigerated so as to not denature. refrigeration is expensive.
39
Q

Why are viruses always pathogens but not all bacteria are?

A

Viruses cannot live independently, They need the host machinery to survive and thus are considered pathogens. But bacteria can live independently on their own and gather resources for their survival.

40
Q

Why do molds produce antibiotics?

A

Moulds like Penicillium produce antibiotics to fight off microbes.

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