Infection Processes

Question 1

Infection

Answer 1

Invasion/colonization of body by pathogenic microorganisms

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

Occurs when infection results in change from normal state of health

Question 3

Pathogen

Answer 3

Microorganism/virus able to produce disease

Question 4

Location of portal exit

Answer 4

Usually close to organism’s breeding site

Question 5

Transmission of disease pathway

Answer 5

(1) Reservoir
(2) Portal of exit
(3) Mode of transmission
(4) Portal of entry
(5) Susceptible victim

Question 6

Factors for infection

Answer 6

(1) Communicability
(2) Immunogenicity
(3) Pathogenicity
(4) Toxingenicity
(5) Virulence

Question 7

Risk factors for susceptibility

Answer 7

• nutritional status
• chronic illness
• age
• immunosuppression
• environment
• HAI

Question 8

Breaking the chain of infection

Answer 8

• destroy reservoir
• block portal of exit/entry
• block mode of transmission
• reduce victim’s susceptibility/improve immune system
• use antimicrobials with caution

Question 9

Stages of infection

Answer 9

(1) incubation period
(2) prodromal stage
(3) invasion/acute illness
(4) convalescence

Question 10

Classes of infectious microorganisms

Answer 10

• bacteria
• fungi
• protozoa
• virus
• helminths

Question 11

Symbiosis

Answer 11

benefits only the host not the organism

Question 12

Mutualism

Answer 12

benefits host and microorganism

Question 13

Commensalism

Answer 13

benefits only the microorganism, no harm to host

Question 14

Pathogenicity

Answer 14

benefits the microorganism, harms the host

Question 15

Opportunism

Answer 15

Benign microorganisms become pathogenic due to decreased host resistance or translocation to other body sites

Question 16

Bacteria characteristics

Answer 16

• cell wall
• cell shape
• movement mechanisms
• gram staining

Question 17

Bacterial virulence factors

Answer 17

• pili
• flagella
• capsules
• enzymes
• exotoxins
• endotoxins
• antibiotic resistance

Question 18

Bacteremia

Answer 18

presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 19

Sepsis

Answer 19

large amount of infection in the blood

life-threatening

overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Question 20

Most common bacterial infections

Answer 20

• pneumonia
• meningitis
• UTIs
• TB
• wound infections

Question 21

Reproduction of fungi

Answer 21

• form spores
• detach from parent cell
• germinate into new fungi elsewhere
• colonize when normal flora are disturbed

Question 22

Mycoses

Answer 22

infections caused by fungi

Question 23

Dermatophytes

Answer 23

fungi that invade skin, hair, or nails

Question 24

Candida albicans

Answer 24

most common cause of fungal infection

opportunistic yeast

Question 25

Subcutaneous fungal infection

Answer 25

gets in tissue during trauma

Question 26

Systemic fungal infection

Answer 26

inhalation of dust that contains fungus

Question 27

Composition of viruses

Answer 27

RNA
- single strand
- single strand retrovirus with reverse transcriptase
- double strand

DNA
- single stranded
- double stranded

Protein shell (capsid)

Question 28

Classification of viruses

Answer 28

• genetic makeup
• mode of replication
• structure of viral capsule (capsid)
• specific host cell that virus invades

Question 29

Viral modes of replication/invasion

Answer 29

• adhere to cell membrane → phagocytosis → capsule opens and releases genetic material inside
• stick to cell surface and inject genetic material into host
• manufacture envelope to surround viral capsid and release virus through budding