Infection Prevention & Control Ch. 28 Flashcards
Explain the 2 parts of the Nature of Infection
Infection: pathogen invades tissues and begins growing within a host
Colonization: Presence and growth of microorganisms within a host without tissue invasion or damage
Explainthe Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry
Host
Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
What 2 things increase infection risk regarding urination and foley catheters?
How are they prevented?
Stagnation and backflow
ensuring the catheter bag is below the bed and no kinks
What are HAIs?
What are common causes?
Healthcare Associated Infections
-Invasive procedures
-Antibiotic Administration
-Multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs)
-Lapses in infection prevention/control activities
What are 3 common procedures that cause HAIs?
CAUTI
CLABSI
HAPI
Define:
CAUTI
CLABSI
HAPI
CAUTI: Catheter-associated UTI
CLABSI: Central Line-associated blood stream infection
HAPI: health-care-associated pressure injury
What is inflammation?
Cellular response to injury, infection, or irritation. Protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid/blood/nutrients to area of injury
Compare local vs. systemic infections
Local: Inflammation causes redness, warmth, and swelling in injured area
Systemic: more generalized symptoms such as fever, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, lymph node swelling/tender
List some factors that influence infection prevention & control
-Age (very young and very old)
-Nutrition status
-Medications (steroids/immunosuppressants)
-Lifestyle
-Vaccination status
-Chronic illness (diabetes)
How is the person most at risk for infection determined?
Counting risk factors
Explain Health Promotion techniques
Nutrition
Hygiene
Immunization
Rest
Regular Exercise
Compare medical/clean asepsis to surgical/sterile asepsis
Medical/Clean Asepsis:
-prevention of introduction of microorganisms or their transfer
Surgical/Sterile Asepsis:
-Full elimination, maintains sterility
Explain 5 key concepts of medical asepsis
Control/elimination
-Cleaning
-Disinfection
Protection of susceptible host
Control/elimination of Reservoirs
Control portals of exit/entry
-Cough etiquette
Control of transmission
Explain Standard Precautions
Primary strategies for preventing infection transmissions regarding contact with blooc, body fluids, nonintact skin, mucous membranes, and potentially contaminated surfaces
Used for every patient
What are the different categories of Transmission-based Precautions?
Airborne
Droplet
Contact
Contact Enteric
Protective Environment
Explain Contact isolation
gloves, gown, maybe a mask
Explain Droplet Isolation
surgical mask
Explain Airborne Isolation
N95 mask, anteroom, negative air pressure, private room
Explain Protective Environment Isolation
Goal is to protect the patient from infection, such as after an organ transplant.
What is the order of donning protective equipment?
Donning: gown, mask, goggles, gloves
What is the order of doffing protective equipment?
Doffing: gloves, goggles, gown, mask
What isolation techniques are required for the following?
-Flu
-Chickenpox
-C. Diff
-Rhinovirus
-Stem cell transplant recipent
-Measles
-MRSA
-TB
Flu: droplet
Chickenpox: airborne
C. Diff: contact enteric
Rhinovirus: droplet
Stem cell transplant recipient: Protective environment
Measles: airborne
MRSA: contact
TB: airborne
How should trash or linen be removed from an infected patient’s room?
An intact, single, linen bag that is not overfilled and tied securely is adequate
check color code of bag
How should an infected patient be transported?
Essential transportation only
Clean/fresh gown
Extra sheets on wheelchair/stretcher
Surgical mask on patient, maybe an N95 on RN
Define OPIM
Other Potentially Infectious Materials (any body fluids/blood)
How should a nurse handle being sticked with a contaminated needle?
Clean area, report to supervisor, follow occupational health guidance
What are the Universal Competencies of Infection Control & Prevention?
Techniques done every single time for every single patient
Hand Hygiene
Standard Precautions
Medical/Sterile Asepsis
Cleaning-IV Hub, Skin
When should hand hygiene be performed while giving care?
- Before touching patient
- Before clean/aseptic procedure
- After body fluid exposure risk
- After touching a patient
- After touching patient surroundings
What is the #1 infection prevention tool?
Appropriate hand hygiene
When should surgical asepsis be performed?
During procedures requiring intentional perforation of the patient skin (peripheral IV catheters, center IV line)
When skin integrity is broken due to trauma, surgical incision, or burns
During invasive procedures (urinary catheter insertion, surgical instrument insertions like a wound drain)
List the principles of surgical asepsis, aka the “Rules of Sterility”
- A sterile object only remains sterile when touched by another sterile object
- Only sterile objects may be placed on the sterile field
- A sterile object or field out of the range of vision or a sterile object held below a person’s waist is contaminated.
- A sterile object or field becomes contaminated by prolonged exposure to air.
- When a sterile surface comes in contact with a wet contaminated surface, the sterile object or field is contaminated by capillary action.
- Fluid flows in the direction of gravity
- The edges of the sterile field are considered contaminated in the 1” border
How can sterility be improved during a CLABSI procedure?
Sterile technique with insertion
Mask/visitors exit with dressing change/cap change
Daily CHG bath / linen change
How can a HAPI be prevented?
Turn Q2 (every 2 hours)
Hygiene
Rotating medical devices (moving pulse oximeter to other finger)
