Infection Prevention & Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is infection?

A

Infection is a pathogen that invades the body and causes signs/symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is colonization?

A

This is when the pathogen/micro lives in the body, but does not cause any symptoms
Example: when someone comes in contact with mono, it can live in a dormant state in their body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A healthcare acquired infection (HAI)

A

Infections that occur inside the hospital
-As nurses we must try to prevent this
-It increases the length of stay
-It increases healthcare cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Communicable disease

A

This is something that can be passed to one another (Covid, flu, hepatitis)
These diseases must be reported for public health safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are factors that affect the spread of infection

A

Susceptibility: how likely someone is to catch it an illness

Drug resistance: micro organisms have evolved and have made themselves more resistant against medication’s (penicillin, resistant)

Immunosuppression: someone who is on chemo, auto immune disease, which are more likely to get sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What increases risk for infection?

A
  • Increased exposure to pathogens:
    Hospitals
    -Invasive procedures: anything that has an open wound is at risk if the procedures we’re not done correctly, lack of sanitation (ex: Foley, catheter, IV, outpatient surgery)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Some examples of micro organisms include

A

Bacteria: which can be killed

Viruses: which are short-lived, symptoms can be treated, if necessary, antiviral medication could be provided

Fungi

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct contact: touching
Indirect contact: surfaces
Droplet: sneezing, coughing, germs can spread up to 6 feet
Airborne: coughing, sneezing (germs that stay in the air from minutes to hours)
Vehicles: contaminated objects (water, blood, food)
Vectors: living organisms that can cause diseases(mosquitoes, text, raccoons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between local and systemic infection?

A

Localized means an infection is housed in one area

Systemic means it has spread throughout the body through the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three defenses against infections are

A

Normal flora: (good)micro organisms that hang out on the skin

Body systems : circulatory system, immune system, G.I. track(flushes out infections)

Inflammation: it’s the white blood cells that destroy bad pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are four Hospital acquired infections(HAI)

A

75% of hospitals acquired infections are caused by catheters—-

Clostridium Difficile (c.diff)

Central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)

Catheter associated urinary track infection (CAUTI)

Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Surgical site infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clostridium Difficile (c.diff)

A

-Is watery diarrhea
-Puts the patient at risk for dehydration
-You must perform hand, hygiene with soap and water
-Services must be cleaned with bleach

Could be associated to antibiotic use

symptoms: foul smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Central line associated bloodstream infection(CLABSI)

A

May be related to unsterile insertion or frequent manipulation of

Symptoms: are different. They just depends on the severity.
-Lethargy
-Fever
-Chills
-Altered mental status(AMS)
-Hypertension

The nurse must stop IV and send them in to culture to find root cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Catheter associated urinary tract infection(CAUTI)

A

-75% of all hospital acquired infection
-May be related to unsterile insertion, -frequent catheterizations
-Poor peri care
-In proper drainage management

Symptoms: fever, AMS, change in urine color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hospital acquired pneumonia(HAP)

A

May be related to altered LLC, aspiration, tracheostomy, PEG tube, post, operative and mobility

Symptoms:
-Fatigue
-Fever
-Chills
-Dyspnea (difficulty to breathe)
-Hypoxia(low o2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surgical site infection

A

May be related to the breach in sterile technique, improper skin, prep, contamination during dressing change

Symptoms: warmth, erythema (redness), perulent drainage(Pus wound), separation of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When patients are at risk for aspiration

A

9/10 when a patient aspirates, you can hear a change in the right lung

If they are a high risk, give water by cup, not strong

18
Q

Feeding tube patients

A

Never have them lay flat keep them above or at lowest 45° when connected to feeding tube

Ensure to turn off feeding tube when we have to provide ADL to patient

19
Q

Multi-drug-resistant organisms

A

Two examples:
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

20
Q

How can multi-drug-resistant organisms be prevented?

A

Stop the overuse of antibiotics

21
Q

What are factors, influencing infection, prevention and control

A

Patient immune system
Cleanliness
Literacy levels
Stress
Age
Diabetes
Cultures: differences in immune system

22
Q

Recognizing cues(assessment)

A

Through the patient eyes

Risk factors : pts immune system

Clinical appearance: symptoms associated with certain illness

Status of defense mechanisms : is there a break in the skin? Are there G.I. issues?

Travel history: has the patient traveled out of the country possible exposure of foreign diseases

Laboratory data: CBC

23
Q

Relevant lab data to review

A

CBC(complete blood count)
> what to look at specifically

Urinalysis
Cultures
Blood
Sputum
Urine
Wound
Procalcitonin: must be less than 0.15
If it’s greater than two it is considered CRITICAL AND PATIENT HAS RISK OF GOING INTO SEPSIS

24
Q

TNTC

A

To numerous to count(referring to bacteria)

25
Q

Symptomatic

A

If the pathogens multiplying calls, clinical signs and symptoms

26
Q

Asymptomatic

A

Clinical signs and symptoms are not present

27
Q

Chain of infection

A

Infectious agent, or a pathogen
A reservoir source for pathogen growth
A part of exit from the reservoir
A mode of transmission
A port of entry to host
A susceptible host

28
Q

Virulence

A

Ability to produce disease: ability to enter and survive in a host; and the susceptibility of the host

29
Q

Direct contact

A

Person a person(fecal oral) physical contact from source in susceptible host
I healthcare providers hands become contaminated by touching germs present on a patient, medical equipment, or high touch services, and a healthcare worker than carries a germs to the hands, and spread to a susceptible person

30
Q

Indirect contact

A

Personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object(needles, or sharp objects, soiled linen, dressings, environment)

31
Q

Droplet contact

A

Infected person cops are sneezes, creating droplets that carry germs short distance(at least 6 feet) these germs can land on a susceptible, persons, eyes, nose, or mouth, and can cause infection

32
Q

Airborne contact

A

Organisms are carried in droplet, nuclei or residue or evaporated, droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing, germs arm, aerosolized by medical equipment, or by dust from a construction zone

33
Q

Vehicles

A

Contaminated items for example, sharp injuries can lead to infections
Water
Drugs, solutions
Blood
Food (improperly handled, stored, or cut; fresh or thawed meat)

34
Q

Vector

A

External mechanical transfer(flies)
Internal transmission, such as parasitic conditions between factor and host, such as :
Mosquito, flea, tick

35
Q

Incubation. Period.

A

Interval between entrance of pathogen into the body in appearance for symptoms (chickenpox 14 to 16 days after exposure; common cold, one to two days; influence the one to four days; measles 10 to 12 days; months, 16 to 18 days; Ebola to 2-21 days

36
Q

Prodromal stage

A

And travel from onset of non-specific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms. For example herpes, Symplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before lesions appear.

37
Q

Illness stage

A

Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection. For example, strep throat is manifest by sore throat, pain, and swelling; months is manifested by high fever, and parotid gland, swelling.

38
Q

Convalescence

A

Interval, when acute symptoms of infection, disappear

39
Q

Contact precautions

A

Contact precaution should be implemented for infections with multi drug resistant organisms, such as Vanco myosin – resistant enterococcus and staphylococcus aureus, C.diff

40
Q

Droplet precautions

A

Droplet precautions are implemented for influenza group, a strep, rhinovirus, rubella, mumps