Infection Prevention And Control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 10 principles of infection prevention?

A
  • patient placement/assessment for infection risk
  • hand hygiene
  • respiratory and cough hygiene
  • PPE
  • safe management of care equipment
  • safe management of care environment
  • safe management of linen
  • safe management of blood and body fluid spillages
  • safe disposal of waste (including sharps)
  • occupational safety: prevention and exposure management
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2
Q

What are transmission based precautions?

A
  • additional precautions for when standard control measures may not be enough to prevent transmission of specific infectious agents
  • it covers the placement of patients, PPE required for staff/visitors, management of equipment + care environment and safe handling of the deceased
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3
Q

What is the most common route of cross-infection transmission?

A

contact (direct from patient or indirectly from the care environment + equipment of the patient)

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4
Q

What are the contact precautions for isolated patients?

A
  • decontamination of hands before entering the room
  • PPE: wear disposable apron and gloves before entering room
  • keep door closed (unless risk assessed that it is safe to do so)
  • before leaving : decontaminate equipment, discard gloves and apron in correct bin and decontaminate hands
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5
Q

What are the droplet precautions for isolated patients?

A
  • decontaminate hands before entering room
  • PPE: wear disposable apron, resistant surgical mask, eye/facial protection and gloves before entering room
  • keep door closed (unless risk assessed to be safe to keep open)
  • before leaving: decontaminate equipment, discard gloves, apron, eye/facial protection + fluid resistant mask in correct bin, decontaminate hands
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6
Q

Describe droplet transmission

A
  • infection spread over short distances (at least 1 metre) by particles from the respiratory tract of one individual directly onto the mucosal surface/conjunctivae of another individual
  • droplets penetrate the respiratory system to above the alveolar level
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7
Q

Describe airborne transmission

A
  • infections spread without having close contact with patient by aerosols from the respiratory tract of one patient onto the mucosal surface/conjunctivae of another individual
  • aerosols penetrate the respiratory system to the alveolar level
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8
Q

What are the airborne precautions for isolated patients?

A
  • decontaminate hands before entering room
  • PPE: wear disposable apron/gown, FFP3 respirator, eye/facial protection and gloves before entering room
  • keep door closed at all times
  • before leaving: decontaminate equipment, discard gloves, apron/gown and eye/facial protection in correct bin and decontaminate hands
  • after leaving: remove respirator and put in correct bin and decontaminate hands again
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9
Q

Describe positive vs negative pressure rooms

A
  • positive pressure rooms allow airflow from the room into the corridor. Necessary when we need to protect patients from infection eg. Neutropenic patients
  • negative pressure rooms keeps airflow into the room to keep any infective pathogens contained. Necessary when we want to protect other patients from an infected individual
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10
Q

What is the most common cause of hospital acquired S. aureus infection (explain how)?

A
  • IV devices (particular PVC)
  • this is because it breaches the natural defence barrier of the skin allowing the patient’s own flora to become invasive
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11
Q

How is infection prevented when inserting a PVC?

A

Ensure:
- it is clinically indicated
- hand hygiene is performed before insertion
- single-use skin antiseptic containing 70% isopropyl alcohol is used to cleanse skin + left to dry before insertion
- aseptic technique is maintained throughout insertion
- sterile transparent, semi-permeable dressing is used to cover site

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12
Q

How is infection prevented when maintaining an inserted PVC in a patient?

A

Ensure:
- it is clinically indicated (reviewed on daily basis)
- the need for IV therapy reviewed daily (is possible to switch to oral therapy)
- hand hygiene is performed before accessing line/site
- removal of PVCs are considered if >72hrs
- PVC assessed (+ removed if phlebitis/inflammation)
- PVC dressings are intact
- single-use antiseptic containing 70% isopropyl alcohol is used to clean the access hub before accessing site

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13
Q

How is hospital acquired S. aureus bacteraemia managed?

A
  • clinical review to identify source of infection and remove if possible
  • prescribe treatment
  • continue IV therapy for minimum of 2 weeks to prevent relapse
  • echocardiography
  • blood cultures repeated after 48-96hrs of effective antibiotic therapy
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14
Q

What are some complications of C. Difficile?

A
  • pseudomembranous colitis
  • toxic megacolon
  • recurrent infection
  • death
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15
Q

What is the symptoms of C. Difficile infection?

A
  • watery dairrhoea
  • nausea
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
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