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Concepts:Nur4510 Exam #1 > Infection, Immunity, & Inflammation: HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

Infection, Immunity, & Inflammation: HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

a family of enveloped viruses that replicate in a host cell through the process of reverse transcription

A

retrovirus

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2
Q

cell in the human body that directs immune system defenses and regulates the activity of all immune system cells.

A

CD4 T-cell, helper/inducer t-cell

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3
Q

what happens when a human immune deficiency virus successfully enters a CD4 T-cell?

A

it can then create more virus particles

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4
Q

Once CD4+ T-cells are changed into “HIV factory” what happens to immune system?

A

becomes weaker by removing some CD4+ T-cells from circulation

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5
Q

how many CD4+ T-cells do healthy adults usually have?

A

at least 800-1000 /mm3 of blood

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6
Q

occur because of profound immunosuppression in the person with AIDS

A

opportunistic infections

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7
Q

A diagnosis of AIDS requires what two things?

A
  1. HIV positive
  2. CD4+ t-cell count <200cells/mm3
    • or an opportunistic infection
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8
Q

Does and AIDS diagnosis ever revert to being just HIV+?

A

no, even if the patient’s cell count goes higher than 200cells/mm3 or if the patient is successfully treated

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9
Q

How do you confirm classification of HIV infection?

A
  1. Antibody Tests (ELISA and Western blot analysis)
  2. CD4+ / T-cell count or percentage
  3. presence or absence of 26 AIDS-defining conditions
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10
Q

patient with:

  • confirmed HIV infection and a CD4+ T-cell count >500cels/mm3
  • CD4+ T-cell percentage 29% or greater
  • no AIDS defining illnesses
A

Stage 1 CDC Case Definition

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11
Q

patient with:

  • confirmed HIV infection and a CD4+ t-cell count between 200-499
  • CD4= T-cell percentage between 14% and 28%
  • no AIDS defining illnesses
A

Stage 2 CDC Case Definition

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12
Q

patient with:

  • confirmed HIV infection and a CD4+ t-cell count less than 200
  • CD4= T-cell percentage between <14%
  • or with AIDS defining illnesses
A

Stage 3 CDC Case Definition

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13
Q

patient with:

  • confirmed HIV infection
  • no information CD4+ T-cell count or %
  • with AIDS defining illnesses
A

Stage 4 CDC Case Definition

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14
Q

Can you cure HIV/AIDS?

A

No, 60% die from aids, prevention is key, drug therapy slows HIV diesease progression, must be taken as prescribed for the rest of the patient’s life.

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15
Q

how is HIV transmitted?

A

by bodily fluids of infected patients

  • sexual
  • parenteral: needles, contaminated equipement
  • perinatal: placenta, body fluids during birth, breast milk

*not by casual contact in home, school, or home (linens, utensils, or insects)

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16
Q

Does HIV (or any STD) transfer from male to female, or female to male, more readily?

A

male to female, vagina has much more mucous membrane than the penis

*readily transfers from infected body fluids with mucous membranes or nonintact skin

*Anal very risky

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17
Q

What are some safe ways to teach infected patients:

A
  • latex or polyurethane condom (oral, genital, or anal)
  • latex gloves (finger/genital/anal)

*research suggests vaginal gels with antiretroviral agent used before or after decrease new infections by 50%

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18
Q

What can you teach to injection drug users (parenteral transmission) to reduce transmission?

A
  1. dont share
  2. proper cleaning of “works”
    • wash with water then bleach for 30-60seconds

*increase in use of patient using own blood for transfusions (give before procedures and use later)

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19
Q

What are the % differences of pregnant women who are HIV+ using drug therapy vs not in transmitting to infants?

A

25% not using drug therapy, 8% using drug therapy

20
Q

Can people test negative for HIB but still transmit virus?

A

yes, because of the time lag between the time of infection with HIV and the production of serum antibodies

*needle stick or sharps injuries*

21
Q

Name four risks for HIV transmission:

A
  1. Sexual exposure
  2. Intravenous drug use (parenteral)
  3. Perinatal transmission from mothers with AIDS
  4. Blood and blood product transfusions
22
Q

What are the priority nursing actions when caring for a patient who is HIV+?

A
  • continually assessing for presence of an opportunistic infection
    • sign of reduction in immune status
  • monitoring for patient’s response to therapy
23
Q

caused by virulent organisms and occur even among people whose immune systems are functioning normally

A

Pathogenic infections

24
Q

caused by organisms that are present as part of the body’s normal environment and are kept in check by normal immune function

can be protozoan, fungal, bacterial, viral (more than one can be present at same time)

A

opportunistic infections

25
Q

What effect will HIV have on CD4+ (up, down, or =)?

A

down

normal value: (500-1500)

26
Q

What effect will HIV have on CD8+ (up, down, or =)?

A

=

(normal value: 150-1000)

27
Q

What effect will HIV have on WBC (up, down, or =)?

A

down

(normal value: 5,000-10,000)

28
Q

What effect will HIV have on Lymphocytes (up, down, or =)?

A

down

(normal: 30-40%, absolute # 1,500-4,500)

29
Q

What is the best way to prevent the transmission of HIV among health care providers?

A

consistent use of standard precautions

30
Q

What test is often used in monitoring disease progression and treatment effectiveness? (not CBS w/ differential)

A

viral load (burden) testing

31
Q

measures the presence of HIV viral genetic material (RNA) or other viral proteins in the patient’s blood rather than the body’s response to the virus

(quantitative)

A

viral load (burden) testing

32
Q

Symptoms of HIV:

A
  1. fever (acute signs mimic those of infection)
  2. Rash/skin lesions
  3. poor wound healing
  4. Sore throat
  5. confusions/personality changes
  6. fatigue
  7. low WBC
33
Q

What does degree of blood concentration of HIV have to do with transmission?

A

the higher the degree of blood concentration, the greater the risk of transmission

34
Q

Can a HIV+ patient transmit to others in all stages of the disease?

A

yes

35
Q

most common AIDS-related malignancy

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

36
Q

What does Kaposi’s syndrome look like?

A
  • skin or mucous membrane lesions (internal or external)
    • diagnosed by biopsy)
  • lesions: small, purplish brown, raised, not painful or itchy
37
Q

inhibits viral replication, but does not kill the virus

A

retroviral therapy

38
Q

What is a major downside to using retrovirals (or really any drugs) to treat virus’ (or anything)?

A

possibility of developement of drug-resistant mutations in the HIV organism. most likely in the lymph nodes and spleen (archiving)

drugs will no longer be able to be used

39
Q

caused by infection of the cells in the CNS by HIV

symptoms include encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), behavioral changes, and a gradual decline in cognitive function, including trouble with concentration, memory, and attention. show progressive slowing of motor function and loss of dexterity and coordination. occurs primarily in persons with more advanced HIV infection.

A

AIDS dementia complex (ADC)

40
Q

Normal WBC count

A

~5,000 - 10,000

41
Q

Normal Lymphocyte count

A

30-40% (1,500 - 4,500)

42
Q

Normal CD8+ count

A

(150-1,000)

43
Q

Normal CD4+ t-cells count

A

(500 - 1,500)

44
Q

HAART

A
  • (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
  • Combo of three or more drugs – hope to slow down replication process
  •  A lot of drugs end in -vir
45
Q

how often is an active HIV patient checked to evaluate effectiveness of drug therapy?

A

every 2 weeks, every 3 months when stabilized

46
Q

Complications of HIV:

A
  • Fungal infections:
  •  Eg. Yeast
  • Protozoan infection:
  •  GI symptoms: diarrhea (bloody)
  • Pneumocystis carinii
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma (can be in internal or external)

Concepts:Nur4510 Exam #1 (9 decks)

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